ZeGalapagos lwentaka: imvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo. Izizathu umahluko isakhiwo umlomo

Ngenxa yokuba i-zeGalapagos Islands akazange waba yinxalenye mpumalanga, kwaye aphuma izibilini umhlaba, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana zabo ezikhethekileyo. Uninzi abameli zifumaneka apha, kwaye ngaphezu naphi na ehlabathini musa zenzeke. Ezi zibandakanya iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye iintaka ezincinane zikaDarwin. Baye achazwa kuqala Charles Darwin, eyafumana ixabiso yabo imfundiso yokuba izinto zazivelela.

imvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo

iqela esingapheliyo ziintaka ezincinane, ezinye izazinzulu zibhekisela emberizidae usapho, abanye - to Tanager. Igama yesibini - kaDarwin - bafumana ngenxa discoverer yayo. sesayensi Young ukuvelela yamangaliswa iziqithi indalo. Wacebisa ukuba zonke ezi ntakana kwi zeGalapagos Islands bephuma kumntu omnye, wavuka apha iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi 2 eyadlulayo ukusuka lizwekazi elikufutshane, oko kukuthi, mhlawumbi, ukusuka eMzantsi Merika.

Zonke iintaka ezincinane, imiyinge ubude umzimba 10-20 cm umahluko ophambili, nto leyo eyabangela Charles Darwin kwingcamango speciation -. Imilo kunye nobukhulu iintaka ngomlomo. Ziyashiyana kakhulu, kwaye ivumela uhlobo ngalunye asezikhundleni zawo eyahlukileyo crespo eziphilayo. Ukongeza, kukho umahluko umbala ngeentsiba (abamnyama brown nemibala koyisa) kunye awo. Ukubukela iintaka, ISAZINZULU wacebisa ukuba ekuqaleni siqithi enye kuphela iintlobo zeentaka. It Wayitwabulula nge Nqabakazi, wamkela kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala. Noko ke, ukulungele-to-ubomi kwiimeko ezinzima abazange zonke ezincinane zikaDarwin. Nemilomo - ukuba isibaluli ngokukhethwa zendalo. Kumzabalazo ithuba lokusinda kwaba eziphilayo apho nezikulungeleyo ukutya yasekuhlaleni. Abanye abantu baye bafumana iintlobo zembewu, ngoxa abanye - izinambuzane. Isiphumo yaba ukwahlukana iintlobo ekwakuphila (izinyanya) kwezinye eziliqela, yaye ngamnye kubo Igxininisa kwisiseko ukutya ethile.

Ngenxa yophando kunye ezifunyaniswe zeGalapagos ntaka encinane sangena ehlabathini yembali eziphilayo kunye iziqithi endimangazayo nokude waba kwilebhu open-air ukuthi ilungele lokubhiyozela iziphumo zeenkqubo mvelo.

umbono lwangoku

Inspired theory Charles Darwin ngayo ntaka zazivelela ngenkuthalo yanceda inzululwazi mihla nokuqinisekisa yayo. Ubuncinane sithetha ngalo Isazinzulu evela Princeton University Peter Grant kunye noogxa bakhe.

uphando lwabo, bathi baqinisekisa ukuba unobangela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeGalapagos ntaka na isiseko ukutya kunye nomzabalazo phakathi abantu ezahlukeneyo. Xa umsebenzi wabo, bathi kwixesha elifutshane ixesha enye iintlobo zeentaka olo tshintsho kuye kwenzeka. lwentaka ubungakanani ukulusebenzisa itshintshile ngenxa yesibakala sokuba okhuphisana siqithi ingeniso, kunye nokutya kakuhle. Kwadlula iminyaka engama-22 ngenxa yokuba iinkqubo yendaleko mzuzu phantse elingana. Xa lwentaka ukulusebenzisa zancitshiswa ubukhulu, kwaye bakwazi lirhoxe khuphiswano ngokuthi aye ukutya eyahlukileyo.

Iziphumo iminyaka engaphezu kwama-33 zomsebenzi ziye kalindixesha Science. Iqinisekisa indima ebalulekileyo kokhuphiswano inkqubo ukuyilwa iintlobo ezintsha.

Ubangela kwi siqithi inani elikhulu ntaka, bonke bephela ikho, kodwa ixhaphake kakhulu iintlobo ezintathu ezingundoqo yeqela komhlaba-ihamba. Makhe sithethe ngazo ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi.

Large cactus lwentaka

A songbird encinane (ingasentla) uhlala phezu kwiziqithi ezine lencinibakazi, yaye njengoko unako unokuthekelela kwisihloko, ubomi bakhe iqhagamshelwe ngokusondeleyo cactus. Le ntaka zeGalapagos abasebenzise kungekuphela nje yokuhlala kodwa ukutya (iziqhamo kunye neentyatyambo). Umlomo imilo lume, Yomelela, kuhle ifanele bokufumana izinambuzane kunye nembewu. Black, namabala ezingwevu amabhinqa.

lwentaka komhlaba Medium

Olu uhlobo ntaka iingoma, yafunyanwa ngama Charles Darwin kwi zeGalapagos Islands. Ubume kumlomo womelele, enamandla, ubulungeleyo nqakraza imbewu omncinane. Isiseko yokudla njengoko izinambuzane (ngokukodwa, oko abaqokelela izinambuzane ukusuka conolophus ulusu kunye amahobe), kunye amaqunube. Ngokutsho izifundo yakutshanje, kuba olu hlobo abe ngumzekelo omhle speciation ekuqaleni sympatric. Kukho abantu ezimbini (morphs) ukuba isakhiwo ezahlukeneyo ephezulwana umlomo. Nakuba kunjalo, oku kwakhokelela umahluko kuculwa. Ngenxa yoko, abantu zombini abantu abahlala kwintsimi enye, kodwa ubukhulu becala awela kuphela ngaphakathi morphs.

lwentaka komhlaba Sharpbeak

Amazing zeGalapagos Inkonjane waziwa kakhulu omnye lwama - septentrionalis. ukutya ibandakanya isikakhulu igazi kwezinye izilwanyana eziphilayo siqithi, ingakumbi gannets. ukulusebenzisa ezibukhali nasebubini ukuba nje aliqhawule isikhumba yonke imihla iqala ophela. Ngaloo ndlela engaqhelekanga Balungisa imfuneko umzimba ngamnye engamanzi, leyo onikezela iziqithi incinane kakhulu. Wavele, le yokuziphatha iye yakhula ngenxa lweentshulube ukutya, apho iintaka aqandusele kwezinye izilwanyana.

Thina uhlobo ukubukela dimorphism ngokwesondo: amaduna kakhulu zanjengeentsiba zamaxhalanga abamnyama, kunye nabasetyhini - nozithobela akhanya.

camarhynchus

Sodidi iqulathe iintlobo ezintandathu, bonke bephela ezisoloko zikho zifumaneka kuphela zeGalapagos Islands. Le izilwanyana kunye nezityalo le ndawo basesichengeni kakhulu yaye lula wabatshabalalisa xa angenelele kuzo. Ziphuhliswe bodwa kwihlabathi wesiqithi adinga ukhuseleko kunye nolondolozo. Ngokukodwa, umthi lwentaka imangrove njengangoku ziphantsi kwesoyikiso yokutshabalala. intaka Small nozithobela nencum omnquma abahlala kwisiqithi nje omnye - Isabela, ubungakanani labemi abantu malunga 140.

Of umdla zenjenjalo zeGalapagos lwentaka uyawondla. Yena ithanda ezidla izinambuzane enkulu, nto leyo phumani phantsi amaxolo yalo mthi ngamanye amaxesha kunzima, ngoko usebenzisa izixhobo ezizodwa (izinti, amagqabi, ingca), nto leyo ngobuqili emba ngaphakathi. Ngokufanayo kufika enye intaka le hlobo - le ntaka esimibalabala (umfanekiso), ngubani ukhetha ukusebenzisa kuquka ameva ye esinesiyobisi-.