EMoscow, i-DME - yiyiphi isikhumulo?

UMoscow, inkulu-dolophu yaseRussian Federation, i-metropolis enkulu enamhlanje ehlala kwintsimi ye-East Europe Plain, ecaleni kwiphondo layo, emlanjeni ngegama elifanayo. Ubemi besi sixeko, ngokubalo lwabantu bamuva, ngaba ngabantu abayizigidi ezilishumi elinesibini nesigamu.

Inani elipheleleyo labantu abavakatyelayo inkunzi yonke imihla, kubandakanywa nabemi baseMoscow abahlala kwisixeko saseMoscow, ngamanye amaxesha badlula izigidi ezilishumi elinesibhozo kwimini yomsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu. Ukuhamba kwezothutho kwendlela eyahlukeneyo, iquka iindlela ezininzi zomoya.

I-DME - yiyiphi isikhumulo sezindiza efika engqondweni?

Ii-hubs zomoya zanamhlanje zikhonza i-corridor ye-metropolitan yomoya, kwaye oku akubandakanyi ii-airports zengingqi eziliqela, kunye namacwecwe okuthutha kwangasese. I-SVO, VKO, iDME - isikhumulo sezindiza sihlala sinakho ikhowudi yomhlaba wonke. Kwaye kuboniswe kwiitikiti, ukupakishwa kwebhodi, iithegi zomthwalo kunye nayiphi na enye imibhalo yendiza. Njengomthetho, ezi nkcukacha zanele ukuzimisela okungenakuphikiswa kolwazi oluyimfuneko malunga nokuhamba. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwabavakhenkethi bemimoya ekufumaneni ithikithi yendlela okanye ukukhupha ithikithi ye-elektroniki kuphakamisa umbuzo onengqiqo: I-DME - yiyiphi isikhumulo sezindiza kummandla oyintloko?

Inxalenye ethile yembali

"I-Domodedovo", i-moya ye-DME yaseMoscow, enye yeyona ndawo yamandulo yendawo yokuloba kwindawo. Uyilo kunye nokwakhiwa kwesi sikhundla somoya saqala ngo-1956. Kwiminyaka eyisixhenxe kamva, i-airmail yokuqala yendawo yokuthunyelwa kwendawo yaqaliswa ukusuka kwinqanaba le-airfield entsha, kwaye emva konyaka i-airplane yeTupolev kunye nabagibeli baqaliswa emoyeni.

Isikhumulo sezindiza "Domodedovo". Imeko yamanje

Okwangoku, i-Domodedovo Airport (iDME) yenye yezona zikhulu kakhulu eRashiya. Ngo-2013, waphoswa malunga nabagibeli abayizigidi ezingamashumi amabini anesibhozo. Izithuthi ezimbini ezizimeleyo zihlala zihlala kwindlela yokusebenza ngamandla, kuthatha amacandelo amaninzi ehlabathini lonke.

Zifumaneka ngokufanayo, iikhilomitha ezimbini ngaphandle, zikuvumela ukuba uhambe kwaye uhlawule kwibhande ngalinye kunyekanye kwaye uzimele, ngokuzimela omnye komnye. Umzila ngamnye uqinisekisiwe yinkampani yamazwe ngamazwe e-ICAO kwicandelo le-CAT IIIA. Emva kokuphinda kwakhiwe kabusha umgca wokuqala, okwenziwe kwiminyaka emibini nesiqingatha edlulileyo, isikhumulo sezindiza sakwazi ukufumana nokuncedisa i-Airbus A380 endibanisa kakhulu. Eyona nxalenye ephambili yaseRashiya, yindawo ephela apho inqwelo yolu hlobo ingahlala khona yi-Domodedovo (iDME). Sisiphi isikhumulo sezindiza ezweni lethu elikhulu esinokuziqhayisa ngalo?

Ukwahlula kunye nekhowudi

Inkonzo nganye isebenzisa uhlobo lwayo lweenkcukacha zeenqwelomoya, iindawo zokulungiswa kokuhamba (umz. I-DME - ikhowudi yesikhumulo sezindiza "Domodedovo" ngokwemiqathango ye-IATA. I-ICAO, sele sele i-UUDD.

Ngokweziko ze-European classification zineenkcukacha ezintathu zokubhala, ngokubhekiselele kwiikhowudi ze-American-letters ezine. Ngamanye amaxesha ekutyunjweni phakathi kweleta kukho izibalo (ngokukodwa ekutyunjweni kwee-beacons okanye ii-aerodromes ezincinci zokubaluleka kwendawo kunye neendlela zangasese). Ukuthelekiswa kwezi khowudi kunokwenzeka kuphela kwintsimi yaseMerika yaseMelika, apho incwadi yokuqala "K" Ibonisa ukuba oku kukukhonkxa kwezinto e-United States yi-ICAO, kwaye iileta ezintathu ezalandelayo ziphinda ziphinda zikhuphe ikhowudi kwi-IATA. Umzekelo, i- John F. Kennedy Airport International e-New York, eU.SA, ngokwemiqathango yaseMerika, inayo ikhowudi ye-KJFK, ngelixa kudidi lwe-Europe lunekhowudi ye-JFK. Kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi, iikhowudi ayihambelani naluphi na uhlobo. Nangona kunjalo umbuzo uhlala uvulekile. EMoscow, i-DME - yiyiphi isikhumulo sezindiza, kwaye yintoni ebaluleke kakhulu, kutheni enxiba ukutyunjwa okungaqhelekanga?

I-ICAO okanye i-IATA-lo ngumbuzo

Akunzima ukuyiqonda imeko ukuba ukhangeleka kwimithombo yolwazi yolwazi kwi-aviation. Kukho imibutho emibutho yezemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe: i-IATA (International Air Transport Association), okanye uMbutho woThutho lwaMazwe ngamazwe ; Kwaye i-ICAO (i-International Civil Aviation Organisation), okanye i-International Civil Aviation Organisation. Okwangoku, bonke banomkhulu wabo eMontreal (Canada).

Ngaphambi kokuqhambuka kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, i-IATA isekelwe e-Hague (eNetherlands). Kwakukho emva kweempawu ezilawulayo nokulawula igunya ekuboneleleni ngeenqwelo zomoya eYurophu, ngelixa i-ICAO ilawulwa ngokusesikweni kwinqanaba lokuhamba kwinqanaba laseNorth America. Kwaye nangona ulawulo kunye nophuhliso lwe-airways luye kwaye lube luphambili kumsebenzi wale mibutho mibini, indima yabo kwimpilo yemihla ngemihla ye-aviation ayigcini kuphela kule mi sebenzi. Enye, akukho njongo engabalulekanga kubonelelo lwezinto ezikhuselekileyo kunye neendlela zokuhamba ngeenqwelo zomoya, ukwandisa inzuzo yeendawo, naluphi na uncedo kunye noncedo ekunikezeni iindiza.

IATA eRashiya

Nanku kwakhona akukho nto inokuzaza. I-tikiti yakho ye-e ingaba nale nto ilandelayo: UMoscow, iDME. Sisiphi isiza Kule mfuneko kuyimfuneko?

I-Domodedovo (i-DME) yikhuphoni kwisixeko saseMoscow, kwaye kuthathwa njengesango lomoya lendlunkulu. Nangona kunjalo, isikhumulo sezindiza sihlala kwindawo yaseMoscow, emngceleni wezithili zaseRamensky kunye nesithili sasezidolophini saseDomodedovo, iikhilomitha ezingamashumi amane anesihlanu ukusuka kwimbali yomlando waseMoscow kwinqanaba elingasentla kunye neekhilomitha ezingamashumi amabini anesixhenxe ukusuka kwisixeko-dolophu sakwaMasipala. Ikhodi ye-DME ngokwayo isicatshulwa kwigama leedolophu zeDokodedovo. Amanye amasango ommandla wesithili saseMoscow anesiseko esifanayo: Sheremetyevo, Sheremetyevo, SVO. Okanye, umzekelo, "Vnukovo", naye uVnukovo, naye uVKO.

Ubuninzi bamaziko eenqwelo-moya kwisithuba se-Soviet singagqithwa ngokwemiqathango ye-IATA yaseYurophu. Nangona kukho ngaphandle. Ngokomzekelo, i-encoding yesikhumulo seenqwelomoya senkulu yaseKazakhstan, isixeko sase- Astana, sithwala isikhalazo se-TSE, esingenanto enxulumene negama langoku le sixeko. Nangona kunjalo, abantu abanolwazi bakhumbula ukuba yiliphi igama eli sixeko elibelethwe ngamaxesha aseSoviet: Tselinograd, Tselinograd. Ngoko ke ikhowudi ehambelana nayo.

I-ICAO kwisithuba seSoviet

Kwenzeka njani ukuba i-ICAO idluliselwe? Kukho, nayo yonke into ihlelwe kwaye ibekwe kwiithalafu. Incwadi yokuqala yekhowudi ibonisa ilizwe, okwesibini - ummandla, kwaye ezimbini zokugqibela zichonga ikhowudi yesibhulophu esithile. Kwi-USSR ngexesha elifanelekileyo u-U ulungisiwe . Emva kokuwa kwembumbano, amazwe aseYurophu emva kweSoviet athola incwadi ye-Yurophu yekhowudi yemida ye-E (umzekelo, amazwe aseBaltic), kodwa ubuninzi bezizwe ezizimeleyo eziqhelekileyo, eziqhelekileyo zihlala e-Asia, zagcina ii-ICAO zokuqala (i-Tajikistan, i-Georgia, iArmenia, njl. .) "Domodedovo" kulo mgaqo ufumene ukunciphisa i-UUDD. Amanye amaziko eenqwelo-moya, njengesiza-moya saseSheremetyevo, yi-UUEE.

Iikhowudi kunye neendiza

Kutheni sifuna le khowudi? Ngaba unokwenene nje ubonise indawo yokuhamba, indawo yokufika, qalisa iinjinjini uze udibane nomoya ozolileyo, uyifunayo phi na? Nangona kunjalo, akusiyo yonke into elula njengoko kubonakala kuqala. Nsuku zonke amawaka amabini eenqwelo-moya angabikho emoyeni ngexesha elifanayo. Akuninzi, uya kuthi, kwaye uya kulungile. Nangona kunjalo, emoyeni, kunye nasemhlabeni, kukho indawo ephawulwe ngokukodwa - iindlela zomoya.

Nayiphi na ibhodi, imithwalo yempahla okanye i-civil, iqhuma ngokukhawuleza amaxesha amaninzi ngaphezu kwesantya semoto. Ngokukodwa uxhaphaza ngokubhekiselele kwi- jet i- turbines. Ngokungafani nemoto, indiza ayikwazi ukuma emoyeni. Umqhubi ngamnye kufuneka uqikelelwe kwangaphambili. Ngaphandle kokufika, iinqwelo zanamhla ziqala ukuya emakhilomitha angamashumi asithoba anesithandathu ukusuka kwisiza sezindiza.

Umyalelo oqinileyo wezenzo, ukuphunyezwa kwazo zonke iinkqubo zokujonga isheke, kunye nokuhamba ngeendlela ezizodwa zokuphamba (izicwangciso ze-fly) zixesha eliphambili lolawulo lweenqwelo ezinkulu. Naliphi na icebo lokuhamba ngeendlela eziphambili eziya kwindawo ekuya kuyo kwi-altitude (inqanaba lokuhamba), ngokuqwalasela ukunyuka kwe-liner kunye nokuncipha kwayo ekulungiseleleni indlela yokugqibela yokuhamba kwe-glide.

Indlela yendiza yenzelwa ukujonga ngokumalunga nomhlaba-ukunyuka ukusuka kwindawo enye yokulawula ukuya kwelinye kumgama omncinci phakathi kwabo, oko kukuthi, kumgca ochanekileyo. Yaye indlela efanelekileyo kakhulu yokuchaza ingongoma ikhowudi yayo ekhethekileyo kwiinkqubo zokuhlengahlengisa, oko kukuthi, i-IATA okanye i-ICAO.

Endaweni yokugqiba

I-DME .... Yiyiphi i-sikhululo se-Moscow esifundeni esine-encoding? Ngoku unokuphepha kwaye uphendule ngokuziqonda - "Domodedovo". Yaye ungaphenduli nje, kodwa uchaze i-etymology yale ncitshitshiswa, ukhanyisa ulwazi lwakho kwiinkampani okanye ngabahlobo.