Indawo ephantsi kakhulu kuMhlaba yiMariana Trench

Igama layo yindawo enzulu kwihlabathi efunyenwe ngenxa yeeMariana Islands, ezikufutshane. Ingxondorha yolwandle enzulu-nxwemeni eliseLwandle lwasePacific, kwicala laso entshona. Indawo enzulu kakhulu emhlabeni ifikelela kumamitha ayi-10911, ubude bayo malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-2500, kwaye ububanzi buyii-80 km. Izithambeka zalo zihamba kakhulu, i-angle of inclination yazo i-8 degrees ngokomyinge. Izantsi lihlukaniswe ngamacandelo amaninzi ngama-rapids. Okuthakazelisayo, uxinzelelo malunga neekhilomitha ezilishumi elinanye ufikelela kuma-megapascals angama-109, anamaxesha angaphezu kwama-1090 aphantsi kwengcinezelo yendalo.

Ookuqala ukuzama ukuhlolisisa indawo enzulu emhlabeni kwakuyi-explorer yaseBrithani. Ama-oceanologists aseNgesi aqhuba umsebenzi wawo kwi-Corvette "engumdlali we-Challenger" ngo-1875. Imfazwe yemfazwe yaguqulwa yaba yinqanawa yophando yokuhamba ngee-biological, meteorological and hydrological works. Emva koko ubunzulu bendawo yolwandle lwalunqunywe ngoncedo lwamanzi amaninzi aphantsi kwamamitha ayi-8,367. Nangona kunjalo, ulwazi lokuqala oluchanekileyo ngobunzulu beMariana Trench lwafunyanwa kuphela ngo-1951. Ngokwemilinganiselo eyenziwe, indawo enzulu kakhulu emhlabeni Kwaye kwathiwa lilingana nama-10 863 amitha. Emva koko, iMariana Trench yaziwa ngokuba yi "Challenge's Alss". Okulandelayo ukuhlola i-Mariana Trench izazinzulu zaseSoviet Union. Ngama-1957, i-oceanologists yethu yafunda iMariana Trench. Isiphumo sokulinganisa ubunzulu bobunzima be-11 022 metres. Ukongeza, ngeli thuba ubukho bobubomi kwimiba engaphezu kweekhilomitha ezisixhenxe. Ngaloo ndlela, ingcamango yokuba ubomi obunxwemeni ubunzulu obungaphezulu kwama-6-7 makhilomitha kwakungenakwenzekayo ngelo xesha. Emva koko uhambo lwalo lube luqhutywa nguAlexei Dmitrievich Dobrovolsky, owaziwa ngezilwandle zaseSoviet. Le yindlela yakhe yesithathu kwi "Vityaz" njengenkokeli yayo. Ngo-1992, i-"Vityaz" yahanjiswa kwiMyuziyam yoLwandle yaseNew Ocean. Phantse iminyaka emibini iinqanawa zazilungiswa kwipropati, kwaye ngoJulayi 1994 yayimiswe kumyuziyam olwandle lwaseKaliningrad.

Indawo ejulile emhlabeni yabonakala kuqala emhlabeni jikelele nguDon Walsh, igosa laseMerika leNavy, kunye noJacques Picard, umphandi owaziwayo oselwandle osuka eSwitzerland, ngoJanuwari 23, 1960. Batshitshiswa kwi-bathyscaphe ekhusekileyo "Trieste". Ngokutsho kobubungqina bezixhobo ezifakwe ebhodini, uWalsh noPalard behla kwizinga elingu-10,917 kumitha. Ixesha lokuhamba ngeeyure lali malunga neeyure ezintlanu, kwaye ukunyuka-malunga neeyure ezintathu, ngexesha elifanayo, okwenziwa ngabahloli ngokuchanekileyo ngasezantsi, bekuphela kwemizuzu eyi-12 kuphela. Nangona kunjalo, eli xesha elifutshane liwanele ukuba bafumane ukufunyanwa kwezesayensi ezonwabisayo: bafumene i-flatfish-njengeentlanzi ezicwangcisiweyo malunga neentimitha ezingama-30 ngobukhulu balo.

Umntu owaziwayo wefilimu waseChanada kunye nomgcini-mfanekiso waseJacob uJames Cameron ngo-Matshi 2012 kwindawo entsha yokuhlala emanzini angaphantsi kwe-Mariinsky Gutter waza waba ngumntu wesithathu kwihlabathi ukuba uye watyelela phantsi kwe- Mariinsky Trench kwaye wayengowokuqala ukwenza oko yedwa. Waya ephoseni ngaphaya kweeyure ezimbini neyesigamu, wahlala apho malunga neeyure ezintathu waza wenyuka waya emanzini angaphezulu kweyure - imizuzu engama-70.

Ama-oceanologists aseJapan ngo-2005 atholakala kwiMariana Trench iintlobo ezilishumi elinesithathu zezinto eziphilayo ezingaziwayo phambi kwesayensi. Izixhobo zamanxweme zanamhlanje ziye zabhalwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwintlangano enkulu yokuzilahla kwamalungu engaziwa kwisayensi yezilwanyana zasolwandle.

Kamva, umgama ukusuka kummandla wolwandle ukuya ngaphantsi kwexinzelelo uhlaziyiweyo. Izifundo ezichanekileyo zizo ziqhutywa ngo-1997 ngabafundi beJapan. Babonisa ukuba ubunzulu beMariana Trench ngu-10 911.4 wamitha.