I-International Space Station (ISS)

I-International Space Station yiphumo lomsebenzi odibeneyo weengcali ezivela kwiindawo ezivela kumazwe alishumi elinesibhozo (iRashiya, i-United States, iCanada, iJapan, amazwe aseLungu leYurophu). Iprojekti yegrandiose, ngo-2013 yabhalwa ngomnyaka weshumi elinesihlanu wokuqala kokuphunyezwa kwayo, ibandakanya yonke impumelelo yengcamango yobugcisa bexesha lethu. Ingxenye ephawulekayo yezinto eziphathekayo malunga neendawo ezikude nakude kunye nezinye iziganeko zehlabathi kunye neenkqubo zenzululwazi zinikezelwa kwisikhululo sezithuba zamazwe ngamazwe. I-ISS, nangona kunjalo, ayinakwakhiwa ngolunye usuku, indalo yayo yayingaphambili kwimbali engama-30 yeminyaka ye-astronautics.

Kwenzeka njani konke

I-ISS preursors yayiyizikhululo ze- orbital. Ukubaluleka okungaqinisekiyo ekudalweni kwezi zibonelelo kwakunezobugcisa beSoviet kunye neenjini. Sebenza kwiprojekthi "u-Almaz" yaqala emva kowe-1964. Iingcali zenzululwazi zasebenza kwisitishi somntu osisigxina, apho i-astronauts 2-3 ingaba khona. Kwakucatshulwa ukuba "iAlmaz" iya kuhlala iminyaka emibili kwaye eli xesha liza kusetyenziswa uphando. Ngokutsho kwiprojekthi, inxalenye ephambili yenkxalabo yayiyi-OPS - isitishi seendawo esicwangcisiweyo. Yayihlala kwindawo yokusebenza yabasebenzi, kunye nendlu yendlu. I-OPS yayinemikhono emibini yokungena kwiindawo zangaphandle kunye nokulahla iifomsile ezizodwa ngolwazi kumhlaba, kunye ne-node docking passive.

Ukusebenza kwesikhululo sikhulu kusekelwe yimithombo yamandla alo. Abaphuhlisi baseAlmaz baye bafumana indlela yokwandisa amaxesha amaninzi. Ukunikezelwa kwezityalo ze-cosmonauts kunye nemithwalo eyahlukeneyo kwisikhululo sikhululiwe kwiindawo zokuhambisa izithuthi (TSS). Bona, phakathi kwezinye izinto, baxhotyiswe ngenkqubo ekhuselekileyo yokusebenza, inkunkuma yamandla enamandla, inkqubo ephezulu yokulawula izithuthi. I-TKS yakwazi ixesha elide ukubonelela ngesitishi ngamandla, kunye nokulawula yonke into enzima. Zonke iiprojekthi ezifanayo ezilandelayo, kubandakanywa nesiteshi sezithuba zamazwe ngamazwe, zenziwe ngokusebenzisa indlela efanayo yokugcina izibonelelo ze-OPS.

Eyokuqala

Ukuphikisana ne-United States kwanyanzele izazinzulu zeSoviet kunye neenjineli ukuba zisebenze ngokukhawuleza, ngoko ke esinye isikhululo esihamba phambili, uSalyut, senziwa ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu. Wayeyiswa kwindawo yangaphandle ngo-Apreli 1971. Isiseko sesikhululo sibizwa ngokuba yinkampani yokusebenza, equka iiblinda ezimbini, ezincinane kunye ezinkulu. Ngaphakathi kwincinci encinci kwakukho indawo yokulawula, indawo zokulala kunye neendawo zokuphumla, ukugcina nokutya. I-cylinder enkulu isisitye sezinto zesayensi, iimimululator, ngaphandle kokungekho nendiza enokuyenza, kwaye kwakukho ikamelo lokuhlamba kunye neyendlu yangasese.

Ngalunye ulandelayo, "Salute" yayiluhluke kakhulu kwiphondo elidlulileyo: lixhotyiswe ngezixhobo zakutshanje, zineempawu eziyilo oluhambelana nophuhliso lwetheknoloji nolwazi lwaloo xesha. Ezi zikhululo zetekisi zabeka isiseko sexesha elitsha ekufundeni iinkqubo ze-cosmic kunye nehlabathi. "Amancoko" kwakukho isiseko apho kwakukho uphando oluninzi kummandla weyeza, i-physics, imboni kunye nezolimo. Kwakhona kunzima ukuphazamisa amava okusebenzisa isitishi somsebenzi, esetyenziswe ngempumelelo ekusebenziseni ubunzima obulandelayo.

"Ihlabathi"

Kude kube yinkqubo yokuqokelela amava kunye nolwazi, oluye lwaphumela kwisikhululo sezithuba zamazwe ngamazwe. "I-Mir" iyinkimbinkimbi yinkqubo ehambelana nayo - isigaba sayo esilandelayo. Wavavanya umgaqo-siseko obizwa ngokuba yi-block block yokudala isikhululo, apho ixesha elithile ubuninzi balo bonyusa amandla akhe obugcisa kunye nophando ngokufaka iimodyuli ezintsha. Kamva uya "boleka" kwisikhululo sezithuba zamazwe ngamazwe. "Mir" yaba ngumzekelo wezakhono zobunjineli kunye nezobunjineli zelizwe lethu kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo wanikezela enye yeendima eziphambili ekudalweni kwe-ISS.

Ukusebenza ekwakhiweni kwesikhululo saqala ngowe-1979, kwaye kwahanjiswa kwi-orbit ngo-Febhuwari 20, 1986. Ngethuba lonke ixesha lokuba khona "kwihlabathi", kwenziwa izifundo ezihlukahlukeneyo kuwo. Izixhobo eziyimfuneko zihanjiswe njengenxalenye yamodyuli eyongezelelweyo. Isikhululo esithi "Mir" savumela oososayensi, oonjiniyela kunye nabaphandi ukuba bafumane amava abalulekayo ekusebenziseni i- spacecraft yesi sikali. Ukongezelela, yaba yindawo yokusebenzisana ngamazwe ngamazwe: ngo-1992, isivumelwano sokubambisana esikhwameni sangaphandle sisayinwe phakathi kweRashiya ne-United States. Eqinisweni yaqaliswa ngo-1995, xa i-American Shuttle isuka kwisikhululo se-Mir.

Ukugqitywa kwendiza

Isikhululo se-Mir saba yindawo yokuphanda. Apha, sihlalutye, silungisile kwaye sifumana idatha kwintsimi ye-biology kunye ne-astrophysics, ubuchwepheshe bezithuba kunye neyeza, i-geophysics kunye ne-biotechnology.

Isikhululo sagqiba ukuhlala kwawo ngo-2001. Isizathu sesigqibo sokukhukula kwakungokuphuhliswa kobutyebi bamandla, kunye nezinye izingozi. Iinguqu ezahlukahlukeneyo zokusindiswa kwezinto zafakwa phambili, kodwa azizange zamkelwe, kwaye ngo-Matshi 2001 isitishi se-Mir sagxinwa emanzini aseLwandle lwePacific.

Ukusekwa kwesitishi sezithuba zamazwe ngamazwe: isigaba sokulungiselela

Ingcamango yokudala i-ISS yavela ngexesha apho ingcamango yokukhukula "ihlabathi" ayingakaze ibe khona nakubani na. Isizathu esingathanga ngqo sesikhululo sasiyimpucuko yezopolitiko nakwezemali kwilizwe lethu kunye neengxaki zezoqoqosho eMelika. Amagunya mabini aqonda ukuba abakwazi ukuhlangabezana nedwa kunye nomsebenzi wokwakha isitishi sombane. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka engama-90, isivumelwano sokubambisana sisayinwe, enye yeengongoma apho kwakukho isikhululo sezithuba zamazwe ngamazwe. I-ISS njengeprojekthi ebumbeneyo kungekhona kuphela iRashiya ne-United States, kodwa, njengoko sele iphawuliwe, amanye amazwe alinesine. Kanye kunye nencazelo yabathathi-nxaxheba, iprojekthi ye-ISS yavunywa: isitishi iya kuba neebhloko ezidibeneyo, i-US kunye neRashiya, kwaye ibanjwe ngokuhamba ngendlela ehambelana ne "World".

"Ngomhla"

Isikhululo sokuqala sezithuba zamazwe ngamazwe saqala ukuba khona ngo-1998. Ngomhla kaNovemba 20, ngoncedo lwe-rocket yeProteton, i-block ye-Russian-produced-block block Zarya yaqaliswa. Yaba yinxalenye yokuqala ye-ISS. Kwakhiwe ngokufanayo nezinye iimodyuli ze-Mir. Ngokuthakazelisayo, icala laseMelika linconywa ukwakha i-ISS ngqo kwi-orbit, kwaye kuphela amava baseRashiya kunye nomzekelo othi "Uxolo" abathintele kwindlela yokwenza indlela.

Ngaphakathi kwe "Dawn" ixhotywe ngezixhobo ezahlukahlukeneyo kunye nezixhobo, iinkqubo zokuxhasa ubomi, i-docking, ukunikezelwa kwamandla kunye nokulawula. Iimpawu ezimangalisayo zezixhobo, kubandakanywa amatanki, ama-radiator, iikhamera kunye neepaneli zelanga, zifumaneka ngaphandle komnqongo. Zonke izinto zangaphandle zikhuselwe kumameteorites zizikrini ezizodwa.

I modyuli nge modyuli

Ngomhla we-5 kuDisemba, 1998, i-shuttle Ukuzimelela kunye ne-module ye-US yokubamba ubumbano Ubunye bubekwe kwiZarya. Kwiintsuku ezimbini kamva ubumbano lubekwe kwiZarya. Ukuqhubela phambili, isitulo sezithuba zamazwe ngamazwe "sithole" inomondyulo wenkonzo "iZvezda", eyakhiwa eRussia. "Inkwenkwezi" yayisisiteshini esisisiseko sesikhululo sesitishi "Mir". Ukukhishwa komnyuli omtsha kwenzeke ngoJulayi 26, 2000. Ukususela ngaloo mzuzu uZvezda wathatha ulawulo lwe-ISS, kunye nazo zonke iinkqubo zokuxhasa ubomi, kwaba lula ukuba abasebenzi be-astronauts bahlale kwisikhululo sikhulu ixesha elide.

Ukutshintshela kwimodi emiselweyo

Isixhobo sokuqala sesikhululo sezithuba zamazwe ngamazwe sanikelwa yi-Soyuz TM-31 yezixhobo zempahla ngoNovemba 2, 2000. Kwakuquka u-V. Umalusi, umlawuli wendlela yokuhamba, uYi. Gidzenko - umqhubi, uS. Krikalev - unjiniyela wendiza. Ukususela kuloo mzuzu iqela elitsha lomsebenzi wesitishi liqalisiwe: litshintshile kwimodi yomntu.

Ukubunjwa kwehambo lwesibini: Yuri Usachev, uJames Voss noSusan Helms. Utshintshile abasebenzi bokuqala ekuqaleni kukaMatshi 2001.

Ukufunda isithuba kunye neziganeko zasemhlabeni

I-International Space Station yindawo yokulungiselela uphando lwezesayensi. Umsebenzi weqela ngalinye liqukethe, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ekuqokelelwa kwedatha kwiinkqubo ezithile ze-cosmic, ukufundwa kweempahla ezithile izinto phantsi kweemeko zokungazinzi, njalonjalo. Uphando lwezenzululwazi olwenziwa kwi-ISS lunokufumaneka ngohlobo lwoluhlu olubanzi:

• Ukuqwalasela izinto ezahlukeneyo zeendawo ezikude;
• Ukufunda kwimiba emnyama, imisebe ye-cosmic;
• Ukuqwalasela uMhlaba, kubandakanywa nokuhlola iziganeko zomoya;
• Ukufundwa kweempawu zenyama kunye ne-bioprocess kwiimeko zentsholongwane;
• Ukuvavanya izinto ezintsha kunye nobuchwepheshe kwi-space;
• Uphando lwezonyango, kuquka ukuveliswa kwamachiza amatsha, ukuvavanywa kwezindlela zokuxilonga kwiimeko zokungazinzi;
• Ukuveliswa kwezinto zokugcina iimveliso.

Ixesha elizayo

Njengaye nayiphi na into ephantsi komthwalo onzima kwaye iqhutywe ngamandla, i-ISS iya kutshatyalaliswa kamva okanye kamva isebenze kwizinga elifunekayo. Ekuqaleni kwakucingelwa ukuba "indawo yokuphila" isiphelile ngo-2016, oko kukuthi, isitishi sanikwa iminyaka eyi-15 kuphela. Nangona kunjalo, ukususela kwiinyanga zokuqala zokusebenza kwayo, kwaqala ukuvakala ukuba inqaku eli lililo liphantsi. Namhlanje, kukho nethemba lokuba isitishi sezithuba zamazwe ngamazwe siya kusebenza kude kube ngu-2020. Emva koko, mhlawumbi, ulindele isithuba esifanayo kunye nesitishi "Mir": i-ISS iya kukhukhulwa emanzini aseLwandle lwasePacific.

Namhlanje, isikhululo sezithuba zamazwe ngamazwe, isithombe esinikezelwa kwinqaku, siqhubeka sihamba ngokukhawuleza malunga neplanethi yethu. Ngexesha elikwimidiya, umntu unokufumana ukubhekisela kwiphando elitsha ekwenzeni kwisikhululo. I-ISS yinto ephela yendawo yokukhenketho: kuphela ekupheleni konyaka ka-2012 ya tyelelwa ngabantu abane-cosmonauts amateur. Kunokucingelwa ukuba lolu hlobo lokuzonwabisa luya kuzuza amandla, kuba uMhlaba ovela kwindawo ukhangeleka. Kwaye akukho mfanekiso ufanisa nokubona ubuhle obuvela efestile yesikhululo sezithuba zamazwe ngamazwe.