Siyakhumbula i-physics - yintoni amandla okushisa kwamanzi?

I-Ode enye yezinto ezintle kakhulu. Nangona kusetyenziswe ngokubanzi kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi, kuyimfihlelo yangempela yemvelo. Ukuba ngumnye weemveliso ze-oksijeni, kubonakala ngathi amanzi, kufuneka abe neendlela eziphantsi kakhulu ezifana nokubilisa nokubanda, ukutshisa kwe-vaporisation, njl. Kodwa oku akukwenzekayo. Kuphela amandla okushisa kwamanzi, naphezu kwayo yonke into, ephakamileyo kakhulu.

Amanzi akwazi ukuthatha umlinganiselo omkhulu wokushisa, ngoxa ngokwawo ayifuni ukufudumeza - oku kuwuphawu lwaso lomzimba. Ukushisa ngokukodwa kwamanzi ngaphezu kwesantya sentsholongwane ngamahlanu, kunye nezihlandlo ezilishumi - isinyithi. Ngako oko, amanzi ahlala epholileyo. Ipropati yayo ukuqokelela inani elikhulu lamandla yenza ukuba kube lula ukutshintsha kweqondo lokushisa kwi-Earth kunye nokulawula ulawulo lwe-thermal ngaphakathi kwiplanethi yonke, kwaye oku kwenzekayo ngaphandle kwexesha.

Isakhiwo esiyingqayizivele samanzi senza ukuba sikwazi ukuyisebenzisa njenge-agent cooling kwishishini nakwikhaya. Ukongezelela, amanzi atholakala ngokubanzi kunye nezinto ezincinci eziphathekayo.

Kuthetha ukuthini amandla okushisa? Njengoko kwaziwa kwikhosi ye-thermodynamics, ukudluliselwa kobushushu kubakho rhoqo kushushu kushushu. Kule meko, sithetha ngokutshintshwa kwesibalo esithile sokushisa, kwaye ukushisa kwamabini omabini, kuba ngumqondiso welizwe labo, kubonisa ulwalathiso lwolu tshintsho. Kwinkqubo yokutshintshisisa ukushisa, umzekelo, isinyithi somzimba ngamanzi obunzima obulinganayo kwiqondo lokuqala elifanayo, isinyithi siyashintsha ubushushu balo ubuninzi ngaphezu kwamanzi.

Ukuba sisamkela ngenxa yokubeka isitatimende esisisiseko se-thermodynamics - ukusuka kumabini amabini (esecaleni kwabanye), kunye nokutshintshaniswa kokutshatyalaliswa komnye, kwaye omnye ufumana inani elilinganayo lokushisa, kuyacaca ukuba isinyithi kunye namanzi ahluke ngokupheleleyo.

Ngaloo ndlela, amandla okushisa kwamanzi (kunye nantoni na) ngumqondiso obonisa amandla okubonelelwa ukuba anike (okanye afumane) inani elithile lokushisa ekupholiseni (ukufudumeza) ukushisa kweyunithi nganye.

Ubunzima bokushisa ngokukodwa kweso sityalo ngumlinganiselo wokushisa okufunekayo ukutshisa iyunithi yale nto (1 kilogram) nge-1 degree.

Umlinganiselo wokushisa okhutshwe okanye owenziwe ngumzimba ulingana nemveliso yentsholongwane ethile, ubunzima kunye nokushisa kweqondo lokushisa. Ilinganiswa ngeekhalori. Elinye ikhalori lilingana nomlinganiselo wokushisa okwaneleyo ukutshisa i-1 g yamanzi nge-1 degree. Ukuthelekisa: ukushisa komoya othile - 0.24 ital / g ∙ ° C, i-aluminium - 0.22, isinyithi - 0.11, i-mercury - 0.03.

Ubunzima bokushisa amanzi abuhlali. Ngenxa yokwanda kweqondo lokushisa ukusuka kwi-0 ukuya kwi-40 degrees, iyancipha kancane (ukusuka ku-1.0074 ukuya ku-0.9980), kanti kuzo zonke ezinye izinto lo mbonakalo ukwandisa kwinkqubo yokushisa. Ukongezelela, iyancipha ngokunyuka kwengcinezelo (ekujuleni).

Njengoko kuyaziwa, amanzi anamaqela amathathu ahlangeneyo - amanzi, eqinile (iqhwa) kunye ne-gaseous (umphunga). Ukufudumala kweqhwa elincinci kumalunga namaxesha angaphantsi kwama-2 kunamanzi. Kule nto - umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwamanzi kunye nezinye izinto, umbane othile wokushisa awutshintshi kwimeko esomeleleyo neyityhidiweyo. Yintoni eyimfihlo apha?

Inyaniso kukuba iqhwa ine-crystalline isakhiwo esingaqhubeki ngokukhawuleza xa sishushu. Amanzi aqukethe iincinci ezincinci zeqhwa, eziqulethwe ngamamolekyu ambalwa kwaye zibiza abahlobo. Xa amanzi eshushu, enye yamandla obushushu iqhutyelwa ekutshatyalaliswa kwezibophezelo ze-hydrogen kulezi zifundo. Oku kuchaza ukuphakama kwamanzi amaninzi. Izibophelelo ezipheleleyo phakathi kweamolekyuli zitshatyalaliswa kuphela xa amanzi eguquka kwi-steam.

Ukufudumala komphunga wamanzi kwiqondo lokushisa lika-100 ° C phantse akufani naleyo yeqhwa kwi-0 ° C. Oku kwakhona kuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwezi nkcazo. Ubunzima bokushisa kwe-steam, njengomthamo wokushisa kweqhwa, ngoku luye lwafundiswa kangcono kunamanzi, ngokubhekisele kuzo ooosayensi abangazange bafike kwisivumelwano.