Iiprokaryotes kunye ne-eukaryot, ukungafani kunye nokufana

Zonke izinto eziphilayo zihlukaniswe kumaselula kunye neselula. Kwi-pre-cellular iindiza kunye neepaji. Iqela lesibini, i-cellular, lihlulwe ngama-prokaryotes kunye ne-eukaryoti, eziyi-nyukliya kunye nezinto eziphilayo.

Prokaryotes

I-cellular yokuqala, iiprokarythi, zavela emhlabeni ngaphezu kweebhiliyoni ezidlulileyo kwiminyaka edlulileyo. Oku kwakukugquma okukhulu ekuphuhliseni ubomi. Iiprokaryotes ziyakuthatha amagciwane. Isakhiwo sabo silula. Ulwazi lwe-Hereditary, i-DNA, lusekudala, luqukethe i-chromosome encinci yeprotheni. Itholakala kwingingqi ekhethekileyo ye-cytoplasm, i-nucleoid engahlukaniswanga nayo yonke iseli ngomlenze. Uhlobo oluphambili phakathi kweprokaryotes kunye ne-eukaryotyana komnye nomnye kukuba kwiiseli zohlobo lokuqala inkokhelo yangoku ayikho.

I-cytoplasm yama-pre-stem cells anamacandelo amaninzi amancinci. Kulezi zixhobo, i-ribosomes yaziwa, iiseli ze-eukaryoid ezincinci kunama-ribosomes. Indima ye-mitochondria kwiprokariyiti yilezo zakhiwo ze-membrane. Kwakhona akukho chloroplast kubo. Iiproyariyiti zinomlenze we-plasma, apha ngasentla apho kukho i membrane yeseli. Ahluke kwi-eukaryoti ngamanqanaba amancinci kakhulu. Kwezinye iimeko, iiprokarythi zingaba zibizwa ngokuba yi-plasmids-encinci, ngohlobo lwe-ring, i- DNA molecules.

Eukaryota

Zonke iiseli zenyukliya zihluke ngohlobo lwazo jikelele kunye nemvelaphi jikelele. Zivela kwiiseli zangaphambi kweentsholongwane ezi-2 billion zeminyaka edlulileyo. Isakhiwo sabo sinzima kakhulu. Zombini iiprokaryotes kunye ne-eukaryote zinomlenze weselula. Kodwa kwezinye iindawo zabo ezinokwakheka kwezinto eziphilayo nezendalo zihluke kakhulu. Umehluko obaluleke kakhulu kukuba kwiiseli zenukliya kukho i-nucleus yangempela apho ulwazi lwabo lofuzo lugcinwa khona.

Ingundoqo ibonwe kwi-cytoplasm yile membrane ekhethekileyo enezixhobo zangaphandle nangaphakathi. Ubonakala ngathi i-plasma membrane, kodwa iqulethe. Siyabonga kubo, itshintshwano lwenziwa phakathi kwe-cytoplasm kunye nenucleus. I-genome yeseli iqukethe isethi yonke yama-chromosomes, ezi prokaryotes kunye ne-eukaryardi ziyahlukahlukana. I-DNA kuma-chromosomes eukaryotic idibene ne-histone proteins.

Kwi- nucleus yamaseli kukho i-nucleoli, apho i-ribosomes yenziwe khona. Ubunzima obungacwangciswanga, i-karyoplasm, ijikeleze i-chromosomes kunye ne-nucleoli. Iintlobo zezilwanyana kunye nezityalo zineenkcukacha zayo, ezichazwe ngokuthe ngqo kwi-chromosomes. Xa ukwahlula iiseli, ziphindwe kabini kwaye zatshaniswa kwiiseli zentombi

Ukuba sicinga ama-prokaryotes kunye ne-eukaryot, ukungafani kuzo kubonakala nakwi-cytoplasm yeeseli.

Ubuninzi be-vacuole enkulu kunye ne- plastids bubume beeseli zezityalo . Le nkunkuma ingashenxisa i-nucleus kwi-periphery yeseli. Isitoreji se-carbohydrates plant cell - isitashi. Ngaphandle, iiseli zezityalo zihlanganiswe ngodonga lweseli olwenziwa nge-cellulose. Kwiziko leseli akukho centriole, enokubonakala kuphela kwi-algae.

Iiseli zezilwanyana azinazo i-vacuole eziphambili, iiplastidi kunye ne-membrane yesininzi. Phakathi kweseli kukho i centriole. I-carbohydrate yokugcina kwiiseli zezilwanyana - glycogen.

Kwiiseli ze-centriole yeefungi akunjalo. Udonga lweeseli luqukethe i-chitin, akukho ziplasitidi kwi-cytoplasm, kodwa kukho i-vacuole ephakathi kwiseli. Indawo yokugcina i-carbohydrate nayo i-glycogen.

Kwi-cytoplasm ye-eukaryoti kukho imitochondria, i- Golgi zixhobo, i- lysosomes, i-endoplasmic reticulum, i-organoids yokunyakaza. I-Ribosomes kuzo zikhulu kunama-ribosomes amaprokariki. I-cytoplasm yeseli ihlukaniswe ngamacandelo ahlukeneyo, amacandelo, esebenzisa iimbumba ezikhethekileyo eziquka i-lipids. Ngamnye wabo uneenkqubo zakhe zezinto eziphilayo. Kuphantse ukuba kwenzeke kwiiprokaryothi.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, iiprokaryotes kunye ne-eukaryar ibonisa imithetho yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ebonakalayo ngokuhamba ukusuka kwiifom ezilula ukuya kwiindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Nangona kunjalo, iiseli zesigqirha zibonakaliswa ngeplastiki enkulu kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo. Iibhaktheriya ezininzi zinokufumana amandla ngenxa yokukhanya okanye ukuchithwa kwamakhemikhali, zikhona kwindawo engenazo i-oksijeni (i-anaerobic bactteria). Ngombulelo bafana nomfanekiso wehlabathi lanamhlanje.