Impucuko yamandulo waseMesopotamiya. emzini eMesopotamiya. eMesopotamiya yamandulo

"Yonke into ibuthelana ekwelaseMesopotami,
Edeni apha, kwaye apha ekuqaleni
Kwakukho kanye intetho eqhelekileyo
ILizwi likaThixo wamemezela ... "

(UKonstantin Mikhailov)

Ngoxa kummandla Europe yamandulo zazizihambela abasemathanga zasendle, eMpuma ngokupheleleyo umdla kakhulu (ngamanye amaxesha phaku) iziganeko. Ngazo enemibala ebhalwe kwiTestamente eNdala kunye neminye imithombo zembali. Umzekelo, loo amabali ezaziwayo-kakuhle iBhayibhile kwiNqaba yaseBhabheli kunye koMkhukula, kwenzeka nje kummandla waseMesopotamiya.

EMesopotamiya yaMandulo ngaphandle zenze ekunokuthiwa nelaye lasisiseko senkcubeko. Yiyo le umhlaba owawurhangqe ezi BC kwinkulungwane yesi-4, wazalwa le mpucuko lokuqala empumalanga. Ezo States kweMilambo (eMesopotamiya yamandulo ngesiGrike) njengoko yiSumere kunye waseAkkad, wanika uluntu wawubhala umbhalo lowo, izakhiwo ibandla emangalisayo. Hamba uhambo kulo mhlaba ngokupheleleyo weemfihlelo!

indawo okuyo

yaba igama kweMilambo ntoni? EMesopotamiya. Igama yesibini kweMilambo - waseMesopotamiya. Unga kwakhona liveni ilizwi phakathi kwemiLambo - nje ikwa ezininzi, kuphela ngesiHebhere.

EMesopotamiya - ukuba nentsimi yembali neendawo ibekwe phakathi imilambo iTigris nomEfrate. Ngubani kulo mhlaba kukho ithi ezintathu: Iraq, Syria ne Turkey. Imbali le mpucuko mandulo kweMilambo yasungulwa kule ntsimi.

Isembindini yommandla kuMbindi Mpuma inomda entshona kweqonga Arabhu, ukusuka empuma - eentaba ye zeZagros. Engasezantsi kweMilambo, owayamene amanzi nePersian Gulf, yaye enqabeni iintaba ezintle zaseArarati.

Entre Ríos yengenanto i flat oqala emifuleni ezimbini ezinkulu. Xa uhlobo uyafana i seqanda - oku ngendlela emangalisayo eMesopotamiya (imaphu iyakungqina oku).

Division zibe kwimimandla eMesopotamiya

Ababhali-mbali ngokuqhelekileyo wabahlula eMesopotamiya on:

• Upper eMesopotamiya - inxalenye esemntla mmandla. Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo (ukususela phakathi kwewaka 1 BC) wabizwa ngokuba "Asiriya". Kwiminyaka emininzi kamva, kuloo ndawo Obumbe Aram mihla, nekomkhulu yayo kwisixeko esihle eDamasko.
• EMesopotamiya Lower - emazantsi waseMesopotamiya. Ku exineneyo ngabantu ngaphambi kwexesha lethu. Kwelinye icala, Southern eMesopotamiya nayo yahlulwe kwiingingqi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Ezizezi, kwiindawo ezisemantla kunye esemazantsi. ekuqaleni yokuqala (wasentla) ekuthiwa Ki-kaUri, uze emva koko waseAkkad. Le yesibini (ongasezantsi) igama Schumer. Ngenxa yoko ke wazalwa igama elihle kunye sonorous yomnye neebhedi zokuqala nempucuko - ". YiSumere and waseAkkad" Kamva, le ndawo wembali yaziwa eBhabheli. Eyona nto iphawulekayo kukuba kukho into ende cishe, ngokutsho legend, lwathi ukukhula kwabo ukuya ezulwini.

Ngomhla kummandla kweMilambo yamandulo ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo kukho izikumkani yamandulo abane:

• Schumer;
• waseAkkad;
• eBhabheli;
• Asiriya.

Kutheni eMesopotamiya waye nelaye lasisiseko senkcubeko?

Malunga 6000 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, iplanethi yethu isiganeko emangalisayo: ajikelezileyo aba xesha wazalwa impucuko ezimbini - iYiputa eMesopotamiya yamandulo. Uhlobo impucuko zombini ezifanayo kwaye efanayo ngurhulumente kuqala yamandulo.

Ukufana siyifumana yokuba bobabini abanawo kwiindawo iimeko ezithandwa kakhulu ubomi babantu. Andiyithandi into yokuba ngamnye kubo ibali unique (into ethi qatha engqondweni: eYiputa waba koFaro, kwaye eMesopotamiya - langoku).

Umxholo nqaku, nangona, eMesopotamiya State. Ngoko ke, thina asiyi aphambuke kuyo.

EMesopotamiya yamandulo - uhlobo lwe enamanzi entlango. Kumacala omabini kwindawo efakwe yimilambo. Nasentla - iintaba ukukhusela eliyi evela imimoya efumileyo ukusuka kwicala Armenian.

Ezi mpawu elilungileyo zendalo zenze eli lizwe nomtsalane Indoda yakudala. Okumangalisayo sezulu ukhululekile ukuba idityaniswe ukukwazi ukungena kwezolimo. Umhlaba utyebe kakhulu kwaye huma ukufuma, apho wafumana iziqhamo azinamanzi likhulile yaye zizibi iimbotyi - okumnandi.

Okokuqala waphawula oku Sumerians amandulo, azinza kule ndawo malunga 6000 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Ziye zafunda ukuba ukukhula ukubetha iintlobo zezityalo kunye washiya ngasemva imbali osisityebi, puzzles abantu ngehlombe isigqibo namhlanje.

A bit of itulo ithiyori: imvelaphi Sumerians

Imbali yanamhlanje ayithethi ukuphendula lo mbuzo, apho wenza khona Sumerians. Kukho ukufunisela kakhulu ngale nto, kodwa sekunjalo akazange kwafika ukuvumelana nezesayensi. Kutheni? Ngenxa yokuba Sumerians kakhulu ume ngaphandle kwezinye izizwe awayengabemi eMesopotamiya.

Omnye umahluko ocacileyo - ulwimi: oko Akufani nayiphi na lwimi oluthethwa abemi imimandla eselumelwaneni. Oko kukuthi, akukho ukufana kunye ulwimi yaseYurophu Indo-- siphu- ezininzi iilwimi zanamhlanje.

Kwakhona yamandulo yiSumere abemi Imbonakalo aziqhelekanga abemi kwezo ndawo. Emacebeni ibonisa abantu ovali agudileyo ezo amehlo ngokumangalisayo enkulu, iimpawu ubuncwane kunye nokukhula ngentla-avareji.

Enye ingongoma mbali sinikele ingqalelo - lo inkcubeko angaqhelekanga yimpucuko yamandulo. Enye ingcamango ithi ukuba Sumerians - bona abameli yimpucuko ehambele phambili, ngubani moya ngaphandle lesithuba kwiplanethi yethu. Le mbono kakhulu engaqhelekanga, kodwa unelungelo lokuba khona.

Njengokuba kwakunjalo enyanisweni - engacacanga. Kodwa omnye singatsho ngokuqinisekileyo - i Sumerians wanika kakhulu impucuko yethu. Enye yazo impumelelo engathethekiyo - kukuyilwa yokubhala.

Impucuko yamandulo eMesopotamiya

abantu abahlukahlukeneyo kumiwa ubungakanani kummandla waseMesopotamiya. Yindlela esiwaphawula ezimbini ezinkulu (imbali kweMilambo ngaphandle kwabo kuba sisityebi njalo)

• Sumerians;
• Semites (ukuba ngqo ngakumbi, izizwe isiJuda of Arabhu, Armenia amaYuda).

Ngokusekelwe kule, siza kuthetha iziganeko umdla kunye namanani zembali.

Ukuze ugcine esisishwankathelo ibali lethu, siqala ibali impucuko yamandulo embusweni yaseSamariya.

Schumer: emfutshane nomlando

Ekuqaleni impucuko eyavela kumzantsi-mpuma eMesopotamiya ukusuka kwi-4 ukuya BC yesi-3 ebhaliweyo. Ngoku le ndawo yimeko namhlanje Iraq (eMesopotamiya yamandulo, imephu kwakhona kusinceda ukuba uzulazule).

Sumerians - abantu kuphela non-Semitic kummandla waseMesopotamiya. Oku kungqinwe izifundo ezininzi yeelwimi nenkcubeko. Imbali esemthethweni ithi ukuba Sumerians eMesopotamiya weza evela kwezinye ilizwe esezintabeni Asia.

Baqalisa uhambo lwabo ukuya kwimpuma Entre Ríos: kuhlala ecaleni kumachweba kakuhle ulimo yokunkcenkceshela. Isixeko yokuqala, nto leyo ethintela abameli impucuko yamandulo Heredia. Ngaphezu koko, lo Sumerians bafudukela nzulu entilini; kuba ingxe- abantu balapha kunye kufakwe; maxa wambi de waya phezu kwezinye impumelelo yenkcubeko zezizwe ezingaphucukanga.

Imbali Sumerians - inkqubo umdla yomzabalazo phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo abantu phantsi kobunkokheli wokumkani. zebhola bafikelela karhulumente phantsi kolawulo iUma Lugalzagesse.

mbali waseBhabhiloni zikaBerossus kumsebenzi yakhe bahlukahluka abemi imbali yaseSamariya izihlandlo ezibini:

• ngaphambi koMkhukula (ithetha ukuba KuMkhukula ibali likaNowa, ezichazwe kwiTestamente eNdala);
• emva koMkhukula.

Culture of kweMilambo Intshabalalo yaMandulo (yiSumere)

Zokuhlala yokuqala Sumerians ngokuphuma - kwaba kwidolophu encinane engqongwe ziindonga ngamatye; Sasihlala kuzo ebantwini-40 ukuya kuma-50 amawaka. Sisixeko ebalulekileyo kumzantsi-mpuma lizwe eUre. Iziko yobukumkani yaseSamariya iye yawongwa isixeko Nippur, embindini kweli lizwe. Yinto eyaziwayo itempile enkulu kaThixo Enlil.

I Sumerians baba impucuko ngokwanelisayo phambili, siye zibhale ukuba yintoni na eziphakamileyo yimpumelelo.

• Kwezolimo. Oku kungqinwa lwencwadi esekhona yezolimo. Lichaza ngokucacileyo ukuba zihlwayelwa njani izityalo apho kufuneka ke ukuba amanzi, ukuba ukulima ngayo umhlaba.
• Xa lo msebenzi. I Sumerians bakwazi ukwakha indlu yaye esazi ukuba usebenzise indlela ivili zombumbi.
• In yokubhala. On iya kuxoxwa kwisahluko sethu esilandelayo.

Legend yokubhala kwenzeka

Okubaluleke kakhulu azenza kwenzeka kakhulu ngendlela engaqondakaliyo, ingakumbi xa kufikwa kumaxesha amandulo. Ukuvela lokubhala akukho ngaphandle.

Ayephikisana umphathi ababini bamandulo bamaSumeri phakathi kwabo. Oku kuchazwe into yokuba kufuneka ukuthelekelela omnye iiphazili wabelane nabo nge nabathunywa babo. Omnye irhuluneli lokuqamba kakhulu yaye weza puzzle ezintsonkothileyo ukuba Unozakuzaku wakhe akazange akwazi uyikhumbule. Ke kwakufuneka ukuba zizakhele yokubhala.

Sumerians wabhala kwiibhodi udongwe ngengcongolo ababambelela. Ekuqaleni oonobumba abasemifanekisweni ngokohlobo emiqondiso eyayimela, uze - ngohlobo samalunga enxibeleleneyo. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba ngoonobumba.

Culture kweMilambo Ancient akunakucingelwa ngaphandle yaseSamariya. iintlanga Kufuphi waboleka ukubhala lwezakhono kulo impucuko.

EBhabhiloni (lokumkani laseBhabheli)

State kwavela ekuqaleni BC nkulungwane yesibini akumazantsi eMesopotamiya. Ubuqale wanazo i-15 eminyaka, iye yashiya ubutyebi bembali kunye ezikhumbuzo umdla.

abantu isiJuda awayengabemi kummandla we-Amori yaseBhabhiloni State. Baye bamkela inkcubeko ngaphambili le Sumerians, kodwa uthethe sele ngolwimi isiAkkadia, lalo kwiqela isiJuda.

IBhabhiloni yamandulo Kwavela kwisiza kwisixeko ngaphambili bamaSumeri Kadingir.

A osemqoka zembali yayinguKumkani kaHammurabi. Ngexesha kuqhutywa amaphulo yakhe yamajoni wabathoba nakwiidolophu ezikufuphi. Kwakhona wabhala umsebenzi emidala - "imithetho eMesopotamiya (kaHammurabi)."

Sixelele ngakumbi malunga urekhode osisilumko imithetho ukumkani kubomi boluntu. imithetho kaHammurabi zibhaliwe ibinzana icwecwe lodongwe, elawula amalungelo neemfanelo ze-avareji eBhabhiloni. Ababhali-mbali baye phambili kwinkolelo yokuba le ngokukhukhumala nyulu kunye umgaqo 'Iliso maliphindezelwe ngeliso "laliqulunqwe kuqala nje kanye kaHammurabi.

owavela yena umlawuli imigaqo, abanye - ukhutshelwe kwimithombo yangaphambili bamaSumeri.

KaHammurabi Kuthiwa ukuba impucuko yamandulo eneneni yaphuhliswa njengoko abantu bathobele imithetho ethile yaye sele baba ingcamango ngoko kulungileyo noko kubi.

Umsebenzi original kwi Louvre, kunye nekopi ngqo zifumaneka kwezinye imyuziyam eMoscow.

Tower yaseBhabheli

isixeko eMesopotamiya - yinto isihloko omnye umsebenzi. Siya kugxininisa kwiBhabheli, lowo apho kukho iziganeko umdla ochazwe kwiTestamente eNdala.

Okokuqala, uthi ibali umdla ngayo ebhayibhileni Tower yaseBhabheli, ngoko - kwinqanaba Ngenxa kuluntu lwezenzululwazi ngalo mba. Igqala le kwiNqaba yaseBhabheli - libali lo mbono kweelwimi ezahlukeneyo on Earth. Sisihlandlo sokuqala ifumaneka kwiNcwadi yeGenesis: isiganeko kwenzeka emva koMkhukula.

Ngaloo maxesha amandulo, uluntu iye ibe ngabantu abangatshatanga, ngoko, bonke abantu babethetha ulwimi olunye. Bafudukela kwelasezantsi, wafika esezantsi ye iTigrisi umEfrate. Bagqiba kwelokuba wafumana isixeko (iBhabheli), nokwakha sakhiwo Yada yesa esibhakabhakeni. Umsebenzi kubantu konke konke ... Kodwa ke uThixo wangenelela kule nkqubo. Wadala iilwimi ezahlukeneyo, ngoko abantu akusekho ukuqonda omnye. Kucacile ukuba kungekudala kakhulu ukwakhiwa kwenqaba wayekwa. Isiphelo kwimbali yaba kunikwe abantu ngasemagumbini ezahlukeneyo iplanethi yethu.

Ntoni uluntu lwezenzululwazi malunga kwiNqaba yaseBhabheli? Izazinzulu lubonisa ukuba kwiNqaba yaseBhabheli wayengomnye yeetempile mandulo ukuba bagcine iinkwenkwezi kunye imisitho yonqulo. izakhiwo ezinjalo ebizwa ziggurats. Itempile liphezulu (okuphakama kwawo iimitha 91) Waba eBhabhiloni. Igama lakhe Yayingathi "Etemenanki". Inguqulelo yokoqobo ilizwi - ". House, apho izulu uyafana Umhlaba"

ubukhosi Asiriya

Sisihlandlo sokuqala umhla eAsiriya ukususela BC kwinkulungwane 24. Urhulumente sele ekho iminyaka engamawaka amabini. Kwaye zayeka ukubakhona kwi BC ngenkulungwane yesixhenxe. Asiriya zinakanwa wokuqala kwimbali yoluntu.

State omi kumantla eMesopotamiya (e-Iraq namhlanje-). ubutshantliziyo ezahlukeneyo: a lot of izixeko woyisa wayitshabalalisa neengqwayi-Asiriya. Wamthimba kuphela ummandla kweMilambo, kodwa ummandla ubukumkani bakwaSirayeli kwisiqithi saseSipro. Bekukho iinzame ukuba ndizinyathele amaYiputa amandulo, kodwa zange baphumelele - emva kweminyaka eli-15, abemi belo lizwe wabuyela ukuzimela.

Yi labantu kwikhompyutha kusetyenziswa amanyathelo ndikhohlakele: Asiriya unyanzelekile ukuba ahlawule irhafu ngenyanga.

mizi yase ezinkulu baba:

• uAshur;
• neKala;
• Zibon-Sharrukin (Sargona Palace).

inkcubeko nenkolo Asiriya

Apha kwakhona, uyakwazi ukufumana uqhagamshelwano kunye nenkcubeko yaseSamariya. Asiriya bayathetha ngentetho kumantla isiAkkadia. Kwizikolo sasifunda imisebenzi Shumers zoncwadi namaBhabhiloni; eminye imigaqo yokuziphatha impucuko yamandulo mani athathiweyo-Asiriya. On the amabhotwe neetempile of nabayili basekuhlaleni ezotywe ingonyama enesibindi njengophawu lokuphumelela umkhosi wokhuselo wobukhosi. uncwadi Asiriya, kwakhona, edibene amaphulo ngabalawuli zobulali: ookumkani basoloko wachazwa abantu nesibindi ukhaliphe, iqela zabo, kwelinye icala, ibonisa bubugwala kwaye abangaphuhlanga (apha kunokwenzeka ukuba uphawula ukwamkeleka izicacele ubuxoki zikarhulumente).

Religion eMesopotamiya

Impucuko yamandulo kweMilambo inikeze kunxulumene unqulo lwasekuhlaleni. Ngaphezu koko, nabemi bawo babekholelwa bambi, qiniseka ukwenza amasiko athile. Ukuthetha jikelele kakhulu, kuba polytheism (inkolelo koothixo ezahlukeneyo) yahlukile eMesopotamiya yamandulo. Ukuze siqonde ngcono ukuba unqulo kweMilambo, kufuneka ufunde lo amaqhawe yasekuhlaleni. Enye imisebenzi ubalaseleyo zoncwadi ixesha - kuba intsomi kaGilgamesh. Ukufunda efundisayo le ncwadi kubonisa ukuba hypothesis imvelaphi komhlaba le Sumerians ayikho nasihlahla.

Impucuko yamandulo kweMilambo wasinika neentsomi ezintathu ezingundoqo:

• Nesi-isiAkkadia.
• EBhabheli.
• Asiriya.

Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha ngamnye kubo.

inkolo yaseSamariya

Oku kuquka abantu bonke iinkolelo shumeroyazychnogo. Kufakwe Akadi inkolo. oothixo eMesopotamiya bemanyene kwemiqathango: yonke isixeko enkulu yaba nenqwaba eyeyalo iitempile zabo. Sekunjalo, ezifana inokufumaneka.

Sibala oothixo ebalulekileyo bamaSumeri:

• An (Anu - waseAkkad.) - uthixo zezulu, linoxanduva isithuba kunye neenkwenkwezi. He wayehlonelwa yi-Sumerians amandulo. Ingqalelo umphathi zezenzi, oko kukuthi, ukuba batshintshe ubomi babantu.
• Enlil - inkosi zezulu, uthixo yesibini ezibalulekileyo ngenxa Sumerians. Kuphela, ngokungafaniyo Ana yi yobuntu esebenzayo. Yena wayesoyikwa umntu onoxanduva ukuchuma, isivuno kunye nobomi ngoxolo.
• UIshtar (Inanna) - isitshixo isithixokazi unqulo yaseSamariya. Ulwazi malunga nayo buyaphikisana kakhulu; kwelinye icala, nguye patroness wenzala kunye nobudlelwane obuhle phakathi kwamadoda nabafazi, yaye kwelinye - njengegorha ikrakra. kuvela ezinjalo ezingangqinelaniyo ngenxa yenani elikhulu kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo, leyo ziqulathe izikhombisi kwi kuyo.
• Uma (inguqulelo yaseSamariya ezinekhono) okanye nguShamash (lobeko isiAkkadia, ebonisa ukufana zolwimi kunye ngesiHebhere ngokuba "shemeshe" uthetha ilanga).

kwiintsomi zaseBhabhiloni

Iimbono eziphambili inkolo yakhe, eyamkelwa Sumerians. Nangona kunjalo, kunye iingxaki ezibonakalayo.

Unqulo waseBhabhiloni yayisekelwe ukholo indoda namandla akhe phambi koothixo bonke oothixo. Kucacile ukuba ideology onjalo waphumla kuloyiko kwaye ithintela uphuhliso yomntu yamandulo. Like isakhiwo bakwazi ukwakha ababingeleli, ukuba kwenziwa enqaba (iitempile aphezulu iingangamsha) zazo ezahlukeneyo, kuquka umbingelelo oluntsonkothileyo lokuhlambulula.

EBhabhiloni oothixo babemjonga ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• UTamuz - umxhasi ongcwele kwezolimo, izityalo kunye nokuchuma. Uxhulumaniso ifake ihlelo efanayo bamaSumeri ngokutsha kwaye wafa uthixo utyani.
• Adad - umxhasi kukho isiphango nemvula. ngundlovu kakhulu kwaye unkulunkulu embi.
• NguShamash and Sin - ngabaxumi imizimba yasezulwini, ilanga nenyanga.

intsomi Asiriya

Inkolo Asiriya empini efana kakhulu waseBhabhiloni. Uninzi zezinkonzo, izithethe kunye ntsomi ziye kufika kubantu Northern eMesopotamiya yiBhabhiloni. Last ibolekwe, njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, unqulo lwabo ukusuka Sumerians.

oothixo ezibalulekile:

• UAshur - uthixo omkhulu. Umxhasi zonke izikumkani waseAsiriya, uye wadala zonke kuphela namanye amaqhawe wentsomi, kodwa naye.
• UIshtar - uthixokazi imfazwe.
• Ramman - unoxanduva impumelelo iimfazwe zomkhosi, kuba izisa amathamsanqa okulungileyo Asiriya.

EMesopotamiya ingqalelo oothixo kunye namahlelo abantu bamandulo - ngesihloko umdla, kusekelwe kumaxesha amandulo kakhulu. Oku kubonisa ukuba abayili eziphambili nenkolo i Sumerians, ogama izimvo emboleko ezinye izizwe.

Ilifa zenkcubeko nezembali abazizityebi ekhohlo ukuya kuthi abantu bamandulo abahlala eMesopotamiya.

Ku dyondza impucuko yamandulo kweMilambo kamnandi, kuba ezinxulumene iintsomi umdla uyafundisa. Kwaye konke oko kunxulumene Sumerians, - kuyo yonke imfihlelo enye enkulu, iimpendulo nabangekafumani kwafunyanwa kuyo. Kodwa ababhali-mbali bezinto zakudala bayaqhubeka "dig emhlabeni" kweli cala. Nabani na bathelele kubo kwakhona ukuba baphicothe le mpucuko umdla kunye mandulo kakhulu.