Impahla Allotropic: diamond mifanekiso. Formula grafayithi nedayimani.

Wonke umntu uqhelene zizinto ezifana grafayithi nedayimani. Grafayithi ufunyanwa kuyo yonke indawo. Umzekelo, ukuba wenziwe iintonga ukuze ipensile elula. Grafayithi - iziyobisi kakhulu ezifikelelekayo cheap. Kodwa into enjalo, njenge nedayimani, oko yahlukile mifanekiso. Diamond - ilitye kuyabiza kakhulu, iseliswelekile kakhulu kwaye eziselubala, ngokuchaseneyo mifanekiso. Kunzima ukukholelwa, kodwa grafayithi ifomula yemichiza ingqamana kunye namabango idayimani. Kweli nqaku, siza kuxubusha ngayo kunokwenzeka oku.

Grafayithi: imbali neempawu wokumbiwa

Imbali grafayithi ebuyela Kangangamawaka eminyaka, ngoko ke unyaka ngqo ekuqaleni isethi yayo sicelo kunzima kakhulu. Grafayithi laziwa ngokuba umqhubi elungileyo umbane. Ukongeza, le izimbiwa ulula kakhulu. Ngoko ke, ukuba wenziwe iintonga ukuba iipensile.

Iipropati eekhemikhali izimbiwa ungaquka ukuyilwa iikhompawundi ukubandakanywa kunye izinto ezininzi ezifana neetyuwa kunye nesinyithi kwealkali. Mineral akayi inyibilike asidi.

Formula grafayithi - C, ngamanye amazwi oko yenye iinguqulelo allotropic ezikufuphi isiqalelo wesithandathu lwezakhi - carbon.

Nedayimani: imbali neempawu wokumbiwa

History of the diamond yinto engaqhelekanga kakhulu. Ekukholelwa ukuba diamond yokuqala ezifumaneka e-Indiya. Ngelo xesha, uluntu luye wasilela ukuqonda amandla kweli litye. Izazi nikwazile kuphela ukuba lo ilitye nzima kakhulu kwaye ixesha elide. De kwaba yinkulungwane ye-15, iidayimani baba ezixabisa ngaphantsi kakhulu iikarbhunkolo neerubhi, ngeempahla zakho. Kwaye ke kukho othengisa engaziwayo xa usebenza ilitye wanika inkalo ezintle, leyo kamva owabizwa ngokuba diamond. Kwaba ngoko ukuba ilitye waza wambonisa ngokwayo lonke uzuko lwayo.

Ikakhulu idayimani esetyenziswa kwishishini. Le ezimbiwa yeyona yomeleleyo ehlabathini lonke, nto ke leyo ebangele yenziwe abrasives, bathezi ngenxa machining intsimbi eqinileyo nangaphezulu.

Njengoko sele uyazi, grafayithi kwifomula kwemichiza - C, indlela efanayo nekalikedo.

Umahluko phakathi diamond kunye grafayithi

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba izimbiwa kufuneka iifomyula ezifanayo imichiza, zahluke kakhulu enye kwenye ngathi yimbonakalo, kwaye ukusuka kwindawo imichiza ngayo.

Kuqala kwinto zonke, idayimani kunye grafayithi ezi izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo komnye. Ngenxa grafayithi sakhiwa igridi weehexagons, ngoxa diamond na isakhiwo crystal cubic. Ubu le mifanekiso ebangelwa yinto yokuba unxulumano phakathi maleko yayo Kulula kakhulu ukuba ndaphule, athom yayo ngokulula yahlukanisiwe ukusuka kwenye nenye. Ngenxa yoku, grafayithi kulula ukufunxa ukukhanya, yena sisithokothoko, ngokungafaniyo yedayimani.

isakhiwo diamond luphawulwa kuloo atom carbon enye lingqongwe ngamanye athom abane yephiramidi tetrahedral okanye unxantathu. Wonke atom sise kumgama elifanayo enye kwenye. Unxibelelwano evela atom womelele kakhulu, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba diamond kunzima kangaka yaye ixesha elide. Enye impahla diamond - kukuba kukhokela ukukhanya, ngokungafaniyo mifanekiso.

Strange ukuba indlela kuyafana ifomula grafayithi diamond, kodwa izimbiwa zahlukile ngokupheleleyo? Ayikho! Ngenxa diamond owadalwa ngemvelo kunye koxinzelelo olukhulu, yaye emva koko kobubi ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, lo gama i-mifanekiso kwenzeka ngamandla ephantsi, kodwa amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu.

Yintoni into allotropic?

izinto Allotropic - oku yingcamango ebaluleke kakhulu chemistry. Oku kungundoqo evumela ukuba sahlule into ukusuka kwenye.

Izinto allotropic yesikolo bafunda kulo mzekelo grafayithi kunye nedayimani, kwakunye iiyantlukwano zabo. Ngoko, akuba wafunda somahluko diamond kunye grafayithi, kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba allotropy - ibikukubakho kwindalo kwezinto ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu, ezahluke yesakhiwo neempawu, kodwa abe umchiza indlela efanayo okanye lilungu le nto imichiza.

Ukufumana grafayithi diamond

Grafayithi ifomula - C - izazinzulu ukuba bavelise iintlobo-experimenti ezininzi, nto leyo izinto allotropic grafayithi kwafunyanwa.

Ootitshala ndithi besikolo kunye nabafundi malunga nendlela izazinzulu baye bazama ukwenza yeedayimane mifanekiso. Eli bali umdla kakhulu kwaye ibangel 'umdla, kodwa yona ikuvumela ukuba ukukhumbula ubukho kwezinto allotropic njengoko grafayithi nedayimani, neeyantlukwano zazo.

Abanye kwexesha eyadlulayo, izazinzulu baye bazama ukwenza yeedayimane mifanekiso. Ayekholelwa ukuba xa formula nedayimani kunye grafayithi kuyafana, baya kuba nako ukwenza nedayimani, ngenxa yokuba lo ilitye lubiza kakhulu kwaye kunqabile. Ngoku siyazi ukuba diamond izimbiwa uvela bemvelo koxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye lungapholi nje ngephanyazo. Ngoko ke, abaphengululi bagqiba ukuvuthuza ѓrafit, ngaloo ndlela ekudaleni iimeko eziyimfuneko ukuze diamond Ukwakheka. Yaye eneneni, ngummangaliso kwenzeke, i-dubulo kule mifanekiso baseka ziikristale ledayimani encinane kakhulu.

Ukusetyenziswa grafayithi nedayimani

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, yaye grafayithi nekalikedo ikakhulu kusetyenziswa kolu shishino. Kodwa malunga ne-10% yemveliso diamond iyonke iya kwishishini izacholo. Bavame lweepensile grafayithi, njengoko ulula kakhulu kwaye inkumnkum, kunye namagqabi imikhondo.