Indima kunye nokusetyenziswa carbohydrate. Ukusetyenziswa carbohydrate amayeza

Carbohydrate - njengesakhi esibalulekileyo senkqubo yonikezelo iiseli kunye nezihlunu nayiphi esiphilayo, nokuba izityalo, izilwanyana, okanye umntu. Baya kwenza imali esisiseko ye mba somgquba uMhlaba. Carbohydrate - iklasi olude kakhulu iikhompawundi. Phakathi kwabo uyakwazi ukufumana iintlobo kwezinto kwimihlaba. Ngenxa yalo msebenzi, imisebenzi ezinekhabhohayidrethi abanzi kakhulu. Namhlanje siza kuxubusha iimpawu ezingundoqo, indima komzimba kunye nokusetyenziswa carbohydrate kumacala ahlukeneyo ukutya (hayi kuphela) kushishino.

imithombo carbohydrate

Eyona engundoqo imithombo wekhabohayidreyiti - ukutya imvelaphi zezityalo. Oko kukuthi, isonka, ukutya okuziinkozo, imifuno, iziqhamo kunye amaqunube. Njengoko iimveliso zezilwanyana, abanye babo ityebileyo carbohydrate. Ngoko ke, kuqala kwiinto zonke, ubisi, enoku ekuthiwa-sugar ubisi.

iimveliso Ukutya singaqulatha carbohydrate ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko ke, ixabiso, ukusetyenziswa carbohydrate kwaye umsebenzi wazo ebanzi kakhulu. Xa ukutya okuziinkozo kunye neetapile Istatshi - carbohydrate imbaxa ezingenakunyibilika emanzini, nto leyo zahlulwe zaba iswekile elula sisenzo ukutya. Ngo-iziqhamo, imifuno kunye amaqunube yezi zinto zinikiwe ngohlobo iswekile ezilula: iziqhamo, beet, nekalamo, iidiliya njalo njalo. Bona ezinyibilikayo amanzi efunda kakuhle umzimba. Sugar, amanzi-enyibilikayo, kamsinya bafakwe egazini.

ukutya carbohydrate

Kukholelwa ukuba uninzi carbohydrate kufuneka ubhebhethwe ngendlela entsonkothileyo, kunye% 20-25 kuphela elula. Oku kunegalelo ungeno chu iswekile kule kwithishyu. Ukuba umntu akufumana ukutya mali ezaneleyo carbohydrate, ukuba ezifakwe esibindini kunye nezihlunu ngohlobo "wesitatshi isilwanyana" glycogen. Ngenxa yokunqongophala carbohydrate, glycogen ebekelwe bucala isisihla ibe glucose esetyenziselwa iimfuno eziphilayo (iiseli amandla emzimbeni). Ukuba umzimba ufumana kwemfuneko zabo, they jikisa ngamanqatha. Hi ndlela leyi, ibhekisela iicarbohydrate njengoko kukutyeba, nto leyo ebaluleke kakhulu ukugaywa efanelekileyo.

Carbohydrate - yezixhobo ezidingekayo yokudla, ngoko ke akufanelekanga ukuba kubangele nje umzimba homeostat amandla, kodwa inxaxheba biosynthesis iqela Iipholima carbon-equlethe. Ukutyhubela ebomini, umntu avareji lutyabula malunga 14 neetoni ezi zinto. Kwezi, malunga nama-2.5 iitoni - ngendlela elula. Ukusetyenziswa iiprotheni, amafutha, iikhabhohayidrethi kunye nezakhi zabo akukho ngokufanayo ekutyeni. Carbohydrate - kwindawo engundoqo ye ekutyeni kwethu. Baya kudla amaxesha 4 njengoko protein okanye amafutha. Ngendlela elula, ukutya engumxube, malunga-60% e-eneji umntu akufumana carbohydrate. main umsebenzi wabo emzimbeni - energy. Imisebenzi yomzimba kakhulu ubomi babantu, kokukhona kufuneka silambile. Xa umzimba kwezi izinto kufuneka kunciphisa. Kuba abo benza umsebenzi ngokwasemzimbeni, imfuneko yemihla ngemihla carbohydrate imalunga 400 grams.

Order of 50-65% carbohydrate kungena imizimba yethu kunye neemveliso cereal. 15-25% - kunye neswekile kunye neswekile iimveliso. Malunga ne-10% - a root- kunye nezityalo tuber. Kwaye malunga 5-7% - iziqhamo nemifuno.

Carbohydrate beqine kunene exocrine nepancreas ahluphayo stimulator kakhulu akhutheleyo Yindibanisela insulin, leyo kudlala indima ebalulekileyo umthetho carbohydrate ukutya nokugcina ngokupheleleyo glucose homeostasis. Sithwalisa carbohydrate kule minyaka kukhokelela β-cell hyperplasia, uze emva koko - ukuba besifa inkqubo Insular kunye nokudalwa zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze kuphuhliso seswekile.

ngezigaba carbohydrate

Ngokuxhomekeka ekubeni ikho na isakhiwo, kwaye ukuchithwa kunye nokufunxwa izinga carbohydrate, leyo iqanjwa ukutya yahlulwe alula nanzima. Nje zibandakanya monosaccharides (fructose, iswekile, galactose) kunye disaccharides (sucrose, lactose). K complex - polysaccharides (kwincindi, starch, glycogen). Ngaphandle carbohydrate engumzekelo, ngamnye kwiiklasi, kukho ezinye, into ngaphantsi ezaziwayo-kakuhle.

carbohydrate

Mono- ne-saccharides di zikhawuleze enyibilikayo emanzini kwaye lula zifunxwe ngumzimba. Bona azakubalulwa incasa elithozamisayo zomlomo wakhe, ngoko ke idla ngokuba iswekile ezilula. Eyona monosaccharide iqhelekileyo glucose equlethwe iziqhamo ezahlukeneyo kwakunye namaqunube, kananjalo bakwazi ukufaka kwi cleavage ngayo indo- kunye polysaccharides. Iswekile, kanye emzimbeni, ngokukhawuleza ifumana isicelo. Yenza glycogen, uyayondla isicwili sobuchopho kunye nezihlunu (kubandakanywa intliziyo), kwaye ilawula amaqondo eswekile yegazi. Xa amandla glucose zingasetyenziswa ngqo njengomthombo wamandla.

Kuye iimpawu ezifanayo kunye fructose. Oku kunokubonwa ezixabisekileyo kakhulu, ekudleni ngokulula ukutya. Kodwa, xa kuthelekiswa iswekile, fructose usaqhubeka bazekelele okugaya emathunjini, yaye, kanye egazini, ngokukhawuleza ishiya egazini. Ukuya kwi 80% fructose lugciniwe esibindini, ukuvimbela supersaturation iswekile yegazi. Noko ke, isibindi synthesizes a fructose glycogen lula ngaphezu glucose. Xa umthelekisa sucrose, fructose ako ngcono kwaye ubumnandi ephakamileyo. Ngenxa kwipropati lokugqibela kwinqanaba elifunekayo elimnandi imveliso, ungasebenzisa i imali encinci fructose, oku kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa elipheleleyo iswekile. Oku kwakunjalo ukwakhiwa mgangathweni.Ukutya isithintelo caloric. Xa kuqwalaselwa ukusetyenziswa carbohydrate ebomini bakho, ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kufuneka inikwe ukutya yokudla. Fructose isoloko isetyenziswa nangoku ekwenziweni iimveliso abantu abanengxaki seswekile.

Ngenxa agqithisile sucrose miseka ukutya okunamafutha kunye nokwanda Ukwakheka namanqatha. Ukongeza, sele kubonakele ukuba ukwandisa imali iswekile okungena emzimbeni, ukwandisa Yindibanisela amanqatha carbohydrate ezintsonkothileyo, amafutha, kunye ngqo protini. Ngenxa yoko, isixa iswekile esetyenziswa ngumntu, uyakwazi ukulawula kakhulu ukutya okunamafutha.

Nokusebenzisa intabalala iswekile iqala olwaphula cholesterol ukutya kunye nokwandisa ikhontenti yayo egazini. Ukongeza, iswekile kwemfuneko kubi ukuba flora emathunjini - Cya kwandisa ubunzima iinkqubo angcolile, elinukayo ukuba olungongezwanga, kwaye kuphuhlisa flatulence. Ngaphantsi amaninzi, ezi ziphumo bezingalindelekanga kuvandlakanywa ukusetyenziswa fructose. Lo mthombo uphambili wekhabohayidreyiti iziqhamo kunye amaqunube. A lot of fructose kunye glucose ezifumaneka ubusi: 37,1 no 36.2%, ngokulandelelana. Zonke neswekile, leyo ivatala - fructose kukuthi, kuba malunga ne-8%.

monosaccharide Okulandelayo - galactose. Akaba nakufunyanwa ke ekutyeni ngohlobo free. Galactose - na imveliso cleavage lactose, le ekudleni engundoqo ubisi.

Ngokumalunga disaccharide, eliyinhloko yabo ekutyeni wethu sucrose. Xa haydrolisis ngayo Wazityanda ibe fructose kunye iswekile. Eyona mithombo iphambili zezi sucrose, beet nengcongolo yeziqholo neswekile. Isiqulatho iswekile ye kwentlabathi-carbohydrate ifikelela 99,75%. Ukongeza, sucrose ifumaneka iziqhamo, imifuno kunye nevatala.

carbohydrate complex

Polysaccharides na isakhiwo kakhulu entsonkothileyo kwemolekyuli kunye ukunyibilika asezantsi kakhulu emanzini. Le iklasi iquka: starch, kwincindi, glycogen, kunye pectin. Sebenzisa carbohydrate kule klasi athunyelwa shiyana. Ixabiso ephambili lesondlo yi istatshi. umxholo walo eziphakamileyo okuziinkozo yeyona nto engundoqo elijongene umsoco. Ezityiwa-avareji ngomntu otashi ithatha up 80% wekhabohayidreyiti asetyenziswayo ewonke. Xa emzimbeni, nokuba litshatshazi, laba carbohydrate kwaye enze imisebenzi yawo.

Ngokubhekiselele glycogen, oko emzimbeni wethu idlala indima imisipha odlamkileyo izinto feed kunye nezibilini. Glycogen ukuba ingene nge reosintez ngenxa glucose.

Pectin - into enyibilikayo, zifunxe kakuhle emzimbeni. Njengoko kuboniswe yi izifundo yakutshanje batye ukutya okunempilo, pectin isetyenziselwe iinjongo umbala nezinyangayo kuzo izifo phecana zesisu.

Ubume ifayibha lisondele kakhulu polysaccharides. umxholo walo eliphezulu iimveliso okuziinkozo baziwa. Kwakhona imali nefayibha imveliso, kubaluleke kakhulu umgangatho wayo. Ithambe carbohydrate, ngcono ke idilikile ethunjini, yaye oko kuzisa inzuzo ngakumbi emntwini. Le propati kufuneka imifuno ifayibha kunye neetapile. Inkalo ebalulekileyo nokubanako polysaccharide nokususwa cholesterol emzimbeni womntu. Ngoku makhe siqwalasele ukusetyenziswa carbohydrate iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu.

isondlo parenteral

Ukusetyenziswa carbohydrate amayeza likhula ngokukhawuleza namhlanje. isondlo Parenteral - Ulawulo efakwa kwezondlo. Lusetyenziswa kwiimeko apho isigulane akakwazi ukutya ngokuzimeleyo. Ukusetyenziswa carbohydrate isondlo parenteral kuvamile kakhulu. Zisetyenziswa ngesizathu esilula ukuba lo mthombo ifumaneka lula amandla umzimba womntu. ixabiso Energy ekudleni ka 4 kcal / g. Imfuneko yabantu yemihla ngemihla amandla isusela ukusuka calories 1.5 ukuya 2 amawaka. Ngenxa yoko ingxaki wekhabohayidreyiti Ozahlulayo kumkhawulela loo ntswelo. Ngamagama isotonic isisombululo glucose ukugubungela ngokupheleleyo iimfuno caloric zabantu kufuneka lichithwe ukusuka kwiilitha-7 ukuya 10 isisombululo. Oku kungakhokelela ukucima kombane fluid, nokudumba yemiphunga kunye neengxaki sentliziyo.

Ukusetyenziswa izisombululo kanzulu xaxa glucose izaliswe kunye neminye imiphumo ebuhlungu - kokuhluma plasma hyperosmolarity kunye inkanuko ndlela intimal (phlebitis kunye thrombophlebitis). Kwaye ukuze kupheliswe umngcipheko diuresis osmotic, kufuneka agcine i-glucose izinga ukumnika kwi uluhlu 0.4 ukuya 0.5 g / kg / h. Ukuba ukuguqula eli nani ukuya isisombululo glucose isotonic ukunika kancinane ngaphezu kwe-500 mm ngeyure ukuba isigulana wokuweyisha-70 kg. Ukuthintela kukwaphula nokunganyamezelwa iicarbohydrate kunye iingxaki ezilandelayo, iswekile lafakwa nesisombululo insulin. Ukubala kwenziwa ngokomgaqo wokubala: 1 U 3-4 iigram glucose owomileyo. Insulin uye kuphela nempembelelo entle ekusetyenzisweni iswekile, kodwa nayo inegalelo eqhelekileyo acid acid ukufunxeka.

Ukusetyenziswa carbohydrate amayeza kuxhomekeke iintlobo. Ekondlweni parenteral zisetyenziswa kakhulu: fructose, iswekile, sorbitol, dextran, glycerol kunye ethyl utywala.

ukudla olungasebenziyo

Kukho izidlo ezininzi zisekelwe amakheswa epheleleyo okanye kwinxenye yomxhesho carbohydrate ukutya, kwakunye nokwanda kokusetyenziswa protein kunye namanqatha. I-US Department of Agriculture yaqhuba uphando, njengako apho kwafunyaniswa ukuba abantu pahla ukutya osisityebi carbohydrate, ubukhulu becala ube nelitye eqhelekileyo. Ukutya, leyo liqulathe ulwazi oluninzi carbohydrate, okunesondlo, kodwa calories ngaphantsi.

Njengoko usazi, eMelika, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha abantu abaphethwe ingxaki umzimba. Kwaye ke inani labantu abanjalo liyanda chu. Uphando labantu Long-term iimveliso ezityiwayo lubonise ukuba abantu ekutyeni alawulwa iikhabhohayidrethi, ukufumana calories ngaphantsi kwe abathandi protein kunye namanqatha, kunye nemali ofanayo ukudla. Oku kukho iqela labantu bonke abaphendulayo, yaye abantu abangaphezu kwama-10,000, siphantsi ubunzima bomzimba index. Isizathu kukuba 1000 calories zokutya carbohydrate aqulethe ezininzi ifayibha kunye namanzi. Eli qela labantu lokufumana izondlo wokudla ngakumbi, ezizezi iivithamini A no-C, carotene, calcium, intsimbi nezinki. Amafutha, cholesterol, izinc, sodium kunye vitamin B12 kwisondlo zabo eziqulathwe ngezinga elincinane.

Ukusetyenziswa carbohydrate kunye kwamafutha ekutyeni ngokusondeleyo. Noko ke, njengoko ukusetyenziswa wekhabohayidreyiti kwiiproteni. Ukusebenza aphezulu carbohydrate njengomthombo wamandla kwezopolitiko ngamandla abo zokulondoloza protein. Xa isixa esikhulu carbohydrate, umzimba usebenzisa acid ezimbalwa njengoko amandla engena umbandela ukutya. Ngokubanzi, ezi izinto aba amacandelo ebalulekileyo ukutya, ngenxa yokuba kuhlanganiswa evela acid kunye glycerin, Noko ke, umntu kufuneka lula indima yabo. Ukusetyenziswa carbohydrate ukutya kufuneka ubuncinane 50 grams ngemini. Kungenjalo, kusenokuba kukwaphula iinkqubo metabolic.

Nangona kunjalo, inani ezingaphezu carbohydrate ekhokelela kuseko amafutha ongama. Xa usakha ukudla, kubalulekile nje ukwanelisa isidingo sabantu ezi izinto, kodwa ukulungelelanisa ukusetyenziswa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Kubalulekile ukuqwalasela umlinganiselo carbohydrate alula nanzima. Xa umzimba ifumana iswekile ezininzi, abanako ngokupheleleyo kuhlanganiswa ukuze glycogen ugqithe triglycerides ekukhuthazeni ukuyilwa okunamafutha kwithishyu. Xa umxholo insulin yegazi eyonyukileyo, inkqubo kwandiswa.

carbohydrate Complex, njengoko kuchasene ezilula, waluchitha kancinci, ngoko isiqulatho zabo ukunyuka igazi ngokuthe ngcembe. Kule meko, kucetyiswa ukuba kunzima nje izinto ukutya kwindawo engundoqo ye carbohydrate ekutyeni. ubunzima yazo kufuneka ibe phakathi-80 ne-90 ekhulwini. Ukungabikho carbohydrate ezinzima ngakumbi ephawuleka kwabo abaphethwe seswekile, ukutyeba, yegazi kunye nezifo yenkqubo sentliziyo.

Njengoko usazi, inkoliso carbohydrate asetyenziswa ukutya kunye namayeza. Kodwa kule ndawo yesicelo wekhabohayidreyiti ayipheli apho. Yiyiphi enye indawo obungathanda ukuba usebenzise?

glucose

Le ekudleni ako kakuhle umzimba kwaye isetyenziswa kuhlanganiselo amayeza athile. Ngaphezu koko, glucose lisetyenziswa kwishishini confectionery. Ngoncedo jellies ukwenza, caramel, iikuki kunye nezinye iimveliso. Xa noshishino lwempahla eyolukiweyo kwawo isebenza njenge-arhente yokunciphisa. Kwaye ke kwimveliso glycolic acid kunye ascorbic acid, iswekile na izinto yokuqala. Kunye wazithwala kwakhona phandle i Yindibanisela ezinye ekuvelisweni iswekile.

ukubaluleka olunzulu Ukubila iswekile yegazi. It iza sauerkraut, yemixoxozi, ubisi kunye nezinye iimveliso, kwakunye silage. Xa imveliso yotywala usebenzisa Ukubila ezinxilisayo glucose.

starch

Starch - a zimbiwa ezixabisekileyo. Ukwenza kube lula ngakumbi zifunxwe ngumzimba izakhamzimba, iimveliso benithobele ukufudumeza unyango. Phantsi kweemeko lobushushu eliphezulu kuyinxenye haydrolisis bestatshi, kwakunye ukuyilwa amanzi dextrins awonayo. Dextrin, kanye wokugaya ezi hydrolyzed ukuba glucose, nto leyo ako kakuhle umzimba. Ukuba sithethe malunga nokusetyenziswa carbohydrate kushishino, Awukwazi indiva istatshi. Iimveliso eziziintloko ziveliswa kulo - glucose isiraphu iswekile. Oku sandisa ummandla apho kufuneka ukuba ukusetyenziswa carbohydrate. Ngokufutshane chaza inkqubo yokuvelisa glucose nestatshi isiraphu kunokuba ngolu hlobo.

Starch itshiswe umxube ne-sulphuric acid yaze yangxenga ifuthe lomanyano. Kwemfuneko iasidi bangabi ngetshokhwe. Le kwenze calcium sulphate, oluthi luqokelelane ngexesha neutralization leyo yahluzwa off. Kwangoko i- sisombululo ke esinyusiweyo ekwanti ngoko glucose. Ukuba andithanga ndimzise le haydrolisis, ade ase ekupheleni, ufumana umxube glucose ukuba dextrins, leyo kuthiwa nembeleko. Oku kusetyenziswa kwishishini confectionery le. Ngaphezu koko, dextrins ezivela wesitatshi zisetyenziswa kakhulu njengoko iglu kunye thickener for ipeyinti. Starch sibonisa indlela isicelo ezahlukeneyo inokuba iicarbohydrates. iinkqubo imichiza, ngaloo ndlela, kuba nzima.

Ngaphambili kusetyenziswa ilinen starching, oluvumela laphu ukuphefumla ebomini yesibini nokulondoloza ubomi bayo nkonzo. iimveliso starch wafumana kulowo ukufumana izicelo noshishino lwempahla eyolukiweyo, amayeza kunye Foundry le.

kwincindi

Ukusetyenziswa practical wekhabohayidreyiti ebesoloko ebaluleke ngaphantsi indima yabo omzalayo. Ukusetyenziswa carbohydrate zingafunyanwa kumacala ahlukeneyo kakhulu zezinto ezenziwa luluntu. Kwincindi (ifayibha) ezisetyenziswa ngumntu ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Ekuqaleni, abantu baqala ukusebenzisa iinkuni njengoko amafutha kunye nokwakha eziphathekayo. Emva koko, umqhaphu, iflakisi kunye nezinye izityalo ezinezikhondo baye bafunda ukwenza umsonto. Kamva, kwabonakala ubuchwepheshe, lunokufumaneka iphepha iinkuni. Iphepha, kubume bayo, i umaleko obhityileyo kwimicu kwincindi, leyo acofiweyo kwaye njo. Isiphumo okuhlala, umphezulu ogudileyo apho inki asiqhenqethanga.

Ekuqaleni, ngokuba ukwenziwa iphepha usebenzisa kuphela izinto ekrwada nemifuno (umqhaphu kunye nerayisi iziqu). Kule Imicu kuphela zoomatshini kufunxwa. Kodwa njengokuba uphuhliso yoluntu, le mithombo akuzange yokugubungela isidingo sephepha. Ubungakanani iphambili ibe ephepheni. Sisazi ukuba umgangatho iphepha akuyonto ibalulekileyo, kwaye kwaqalisa ukuba zidibanisa iinkuni emhlabeni-50 ekhulwini. Kamva ubuchwepheshe ukuba balahle loo izinto ezihamba imithi njengoko nentlaka, lignin kunye nabanye. Oko zahlukahlukene kanjalo isicelo eluncedo carbohydrate.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le ndlela iqhelekileyo ukwahlulwa neselulosi sulphite. Oku kusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, apho kukho ukusetyenziswa carbohydrate. imichiza ilula. Ngale ndlela, amaplanga awayekhotyokiswa wabiliswa umxube nge calcium hydrogen sulfate. Ingaba ke zokuthwala kuzo zonke iintlobo ubumdaka ezahlulwe kwi izihluzi kwincindi. Le utywala ngenxa ubunjwe monosaccharides, ngoko ke isetyenziswa njenge ekrwada ukuvelisa utywala eziphathekayo. Neselulosi ezisetyenziswayo xa kwenziwa imveliso Imisonto viscose, acetate kunye cuprammonium.

Ngamanye amaxesha ngokuphosakeleyo carbohydrate hydrocarbon. Nangona la iindidi ezimbini izinto ekuthethwe ngazo ingoma, kuba akukho ngokunxulumene nenye. Ukusetyenziswa hydrocarbon befumile ekhayeni nasemsebenzini - ukuba ibali eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo.

isiphelo

Namhlanje wena ukuba nzulu ulwazi lwabo ngezinto ezifana carbohydrate. Iimpawu kunye izicelo wekhabohayidreyiti kunye nokusebenzisa azo bacebisa ukuba ezi izinto amacandelo zebhayoloji ebalulekileyo iplanethi yethu. Bona ngokoqobo indawo nakuyo yonke into. Kodwa oku kubalulekile, kodwa into yokuba ubomi bethu iikhabhohayidrethi akunakwenzeka. ukusetyenziswa okukhulu kakhulu wekhabohayidreyiti ebomini.