Scientist Zhorzh Kyuve: engobomi, impumelelo, ezeza anika umdla

Zhorzh Kyuve --nzulu kakhulu, isazi, umseki komzimba izilwanyana lokuthelekisa kunye kwesayensi. Le ndoda wabetha umnqweno wakhe ukuvavanya ihlabathi, yaye, nangona ezinye iimbono eziphosakeleyo, wenza igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso yenzululwazi.

sesayensi ebuntwaneni

Cuvier wazalwa ngo-Agasti 23, 1769 kwidolophu Montbeliard. Little waseGeorge waba okrelekrele ngaphaya kweminyaka bakhe: kwiminyaka 4 yena ukufunda kakuhle, kunye nomama wakhe bafundisa ukuzoba. Amandla ukupeyinta Scientist ubugcisa kunye nomsebenzi wakhe kwesayensi, apho ivela imifanekiso ngesandla iincwadi. Ezi imiboniso ixesha elide emva koko zikhutshelwa kwezinye iincwadi, ngoko ke umgangatho ophezulu wenza zincomeka.

Georges Leopold Kyuve wayehlala ntsapho yayingamahlwempu lobuProtestanti. uyise sele abaneminyaka, awusebenzileyo kwi ijoni yomkhosi French kunye nomama wakhe ukuphila kwakhe unyana wakhe. Wayesebenza kunye naye, aze avuke ngeenyawo zakhe, emva kwenye isifo (Cuvier badla ugule umntwana).

ukubunjwa

iminyaka School, i-nzulu elizayo zadlula ngokukhawuleza. Zhorzh Kyuve wazibonakalisa njengomfundi abanetalente, kodwa waba uhlobo enemvukelo. Kwaba lalenze isicwangciso sokuba lo mfana kuqhubeka noqeqesho kwisikolo ubufundisi kwaye ufumane isihloko umfundisi, kodwa ulwalamano oneengxaki nomlawuli abazange bamvumele ukuba ube ngumbingeleli ibandla lamaProtestanti.

Imfundo Zhorzh Kyuve wafumana Karolinska Academy kwi-Faculty sciences cameral (Management Property State). Apha e Stuttgart, oosonzululwazi bafunda yococeko, nomthetho, uqoqosho kunye nemali. Sele eyunivesithi wayenomdla ehlabathini izilwanyana, ngoko ke "Academy" isangqa yaququzelelwa kunye nenxaxheba yakhe. Le manyano lweminyaka-4 - njengoko George wafunda kwi-Faculty. Amalungu nangokwabelana impumelelo yabo encinane nasekufundweni ngemvelo kwisangqa, walungisa intetho. imbasa kulomcimbi wanikwa ukuba ngcono ukusuka ngekhadibhodi elinomfanekiso Lamarck.

Zhorzh Kyuve - biography of nzulu ekwahlukaneni kweendlela zonke iindlela zokuphila

iminyaka emine yobomi yekholeji yadlula ngokukhawuleza, kwaye Georges wabuyela ekhaya nabazali bakhe. Utata wam waye umhlala, unina akazange asebenze. Ngenxa yoko, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali ntsapho phantse engenanto, nto leyo ngokuqinisekileyo ayikwazanga ngoyaba.

Emva koko, phambi amarhe beva nzulu ukuba igrafu ye eNormandy Erisi ukufuna waza unyana wakhe. Ukuba indoda efundile, Zhorzh Kyuve Wapakisha iingxowa zakhe waza waya ahlukane ixesha. Ekhaya edume Earl yayimi ngaselwandle, yaye uye wenza Georges ukubona ubomi zaselwandle, kungekuphela kwiphepha kodwa ukuba aphile. Ngesibindi kutyhile korale, iintshulube zaselwandle, intlanzi, oononkala kunye yenamvuna, mbambela. Emva koko Zhorzh Kyuve yamothusa kunzima isakhiwo ngayo xa uqala kuqala izinto zilula ophilileyo. Ezininzi neempahla, imizwa, amadlala namacandelo nkqubo betha nje sisazinzulu. Umsebenzi wakhe kunye nezilwanyana zaselwandle iye yachazwa kulindixesha "Zoological Bulletin".

Uphononongo yokuqala entsimini kwesayensi

Le ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII - na ukuvela kwesayensi. Cuvier, njengoko umseki kwale nzululwazi, ndiye imali igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso yayo. ngamava wakhe wokuqala edibene kunjalo, xa wafumana sezwe amathambo ezifumaneka abantu Maastricht. Hoffan (igama Ndingumhlali wase kulo mzi, owafumana iintsalela) wagqiba ukuthumela amathambo wayesele esaziwa Cuvier e Paris. Sam "emgodini" ibango ukuba oku kungaba ithambo whale. Kwelinye icala, izazinzulu ezininzi ziye zafumanisa ezifanayo kunye amathambo lwengwenya, kwaye ecaweni akukwenzi Maastricht wathabatha amathambo izidumbu saint waza wathabatha kuye amazwi.

Scientist Zhorzh Kyuve bekhanyela bonke aba iinketho imvelaphi skeletal. Emva kokuchitha umsebenzi zihlabane, wacebisa ukuba iintsalela bangamalungu izirhubuluzi yamandulo abahlala amanzi Netherlands, kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Oku yomelezwa ubungakanani enkulu amathambo, kuquka umnqonqo, intloko enkulu kunye nemihlathi kunye amazinyo ezininzi abukhali, ebonisa indlela yokuphanga izidalwa ubomi. Cuvier nawo wabona iintsalela intlanzi yamandulo, isilwanyana nezinye izidalwa zasemanzini, nto leyo, mhlawumbi, wondla lo isirhubuluzi.

Ibizwa mosasaurs ukuba Greek anokuguqulelwa ngokuthi "isilwanyana esirhubuluzayo umlambo esuswe" (Meuse in French). Yaba lokuqala ukufunyanwa ezinkulu zenzululwazi le sisazinzulu. Emva kokwenza ucalulo iintsalela okanye iziyobisi ongaziwayo, Zhorzh Kyuve wabeka isiseko nenzululwazi entsha - kwesayensi.

Njengoko lo msebenzi wenziwe iintsalela

Zhorzh Kyuve bafunda kunye systematized iintlobo engathi imashumi mane ezahlukeneyo izilwanyana kokubhalwa kwembali. Ezinye zazo nga kuphela akuphuhlanga kakuhle Ndifana izilwanyana mihla, kodwa uninzi yayingenanto yakwenza iinkomo, iigusha, amaxhama.

Kwakhona, izazinzulu ziye zabonisa ukuba phambi kokuba ihlabathi kummandla izirhubuluzi. Amanzi nomhlaba kuhlala iintlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo dinosaur. Nkqu zezulu yayisonganyelwa pterodactyls, hayi iintaka, njengoko wenza abanye abaphandi.

Zhorzh Kyuve iphuhlise indlela ukufunda iintsalela. Ngenxa yoko, phezu ngokusekelwe amathambo lesilwanyana, kunye nokwazi ukuba onke amalungu omzimba ezihambelanayo, yena sinokucinga njani ikhangeleka ukuba ngokwenene. Njengoko yokusebenza ibonisa, umsebenzi wakhe zikholeleke kakhulu.

Zhorzh Kyuve: igalelo biology

Ukuqhubeka izilwanyana isifundo, ISAZINZULU waqala ukuhlalutya iimfano neeyantlukwano phakathi kwabo. Ngenxa yoko, waba ngunozala kuthambekela kwisayensi nokwakheka lokuthelekisa. imfundiso yakhe "unxulumano ngayo amalungu omzimba," uthi onke amalungu kunye nezakhiwo ezinxulumene omnye komnye, nesakhiwo kunye nokusebenza zixhomekeke iimeko zokusingqongileyo, ukutyisa, zizalele nakuzo.

Umzekelo, uhlalutyo lwe ungulate. Sidla engceni, ke ngoko, kukuba amazinyo omkhulu. Ekubeni. Emhlathini Onamandla ifuna izihlunu ephuhliswe kakuhle, intloko ziya Yingcambu enkulu ukuba wonke umzimba. kuyimfuneko ukugcina intloko enjalo, ngoko, ziya kuphuhliswa amathambo yomqolo wesibeleko, kunye neenkqubo zazo. silwane ezitya utyani ngaphandle aso okanye iinzipho, thile zikhuselwe kwiintshaba. Ngenxa yoko, baba iimpondo apho. ukudla Tyala ixesha elide ukuba ukugaya, nto leyo ekhokelela kuphuhliso ivolyum isisu kunye namathumbu elide. inkqubo yokucola Kwaphuhliswa - isizathu ubukho iimbambo ezibanzi isisu enkulu.

umsebenzi kwicandelo kwesayensi, kwakhokelela ukufunyanwa izinto ezininzi nanto. Phakathi kwabo pterodactyls - izirhubuluzi flying ezazisetyenziswa ezidla kunye ukutya intlanzi. Ngoko Zhorzh Kyuve wabonisa ukuba kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, esibhakabhakeni yaba esirhubuluzayo kwamandla, hayi iintaka.

theory ufelwe

Zhorzh Kyuve, ogama engobomi iye yanxulunyaniswa kuphuhliso kwesayensi, bazisa ingcamango nasekusungulweni eziphilayo. Ngokufundisisa iintsalela izidalwa zamandulo, oosonzululwazi baye baqaphela ipateni: kwiingcamba umphezulu kuqweqwe ezisemhlabeni amathambo izilwanyana eziye nkqu ezifanayo incinane ezineendaba mihla, yaye ingxenye yaso - amathambo yezidalwa kokubhalwa kwembali.

Nangona le ukuvumbulula, Zhorzh Kyuve iyangqubana ngokwakhe. Isibakala sokuba wakhanyela zazivelela xa iyonke, kunye result ukuba sisazinzulu wanikela imfundiso yakhe uphuhliso izilwanyana kakhulu kwiplanethi yethu. Cuvier sicebisa ukuba ngamakhefu ekungaqinisekwanga piece sushi kwana elwandle, yaye zonke izinto eziphilayo abaye bafa. Emva apho amanzi abaleka, yaye kwindawo entsha kwakukho nezinye izinto kunye iimpawu ngokupheleleyo ezintsha lobume komzimba. Ngomhla umbuzo phi ezi zilwanyana uyazibonakalisa, oosonzululwazi ndicinga kuphela. theory ntlekele yi yokusabela, t. To. Ukubonakala kwaso iinzame ukuvumelanisa isayensi nonqulo.

Zhorzha Kyuve iimbono malunga nasekusungulweni izilwanyana kwavela ngenxa yokuba ngelo xesha iifom kwesayensi enguqu ziye kwafunyanwa phakathi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezilwanyana. Ngenxa yoko, kwakungekho sizathu alindele kancane yendaleko zezinto eziphilayo. Darwin kuphela ecetywayo ithiyori efanayo, kodwa Kwathi emva kokufa Zhorzha Kyuve.

Ukungaboni ngezigaba Linnaeus and Cuvier

Ukusebenza kunye nezilwanyana kwaye befunda isakhiwo zabo, Zhorzh Kyuve ngokufutshane systematized zonke izilwanyana ngeentlobo 4:

1. iivertebrates. Oku kuquka zonke izilwanyana kunye amathambo zixhaxhwe. Imizekelo: iintaka, ezirhubuluzayo (ezirhubuluzayo eziphila), ezincancisayo kunye nentlanzi.

2. Thokoza. Kweli qela, lonke iqela zezilo ziqokelelwe, ezazikade wolingano iphiramidi ebonisa umzimba, oko luphawu, umzekelo, kuba ezizinkwenkwezi.

3. Soft-eyomeleleyo. Ke zizilwanyana umzimba ethambileyo zifakwe kwiqokobhe nzima. Ezi ziquka cuttlefish, iimbaza, iimbatyisi, iinkumba, izilwanyana, octopuses kunye nangaphezulu. D.

4. Arthropods. Izilwanyana yelo qela abe iqokobhe onamandla skeleton yangaphandle ngendlela eqinileyo, kwaye umzimba uphela wahlulwe ube ezininzi komsindo. Imizekelo: amasongololo, izinambuzane, intlanzi, ezinamaqokobhe. Yanikelwa baphathwe apha kwaye ezinye ntshulube.

Linnaeus, ku nshita Zhorzha Kyuve, yakhomba 6 yezi ntlobo: izirhubuluzi, iintaka, ezanyisayo, intlanzi, izinambuzane nemibungu (apha zezikaYe- ezirhubuluzayo eziphila). Ngokwemiqathango KABLOOM, zokuhlela lezilwanyana yi Cuvier ukufumana egqibeleleyo, ibe ngenxa yoko wasebenzisa ixesha elide.

Ulwazi olunomdla kubomi zezenzululwazi

Xa umfundi Cuvier wagqiba ukudlala iqhinga phezu kwakhe. Ukuze wenze oku, wayibeka phezu isuti neegusha, lo gama utitshala wayelele ngokuzola wahamba phezu ebhedini yakhe. Wathi: "! Cuvier, Cuvier, ndiza nidle" George waziva ebuthongweni bakhe, wabona uphuphu uphondo, waza wathi kuye, "Wena na utshaba, musa ukuba adle nam."

Kukho kwakhona quote Cuvier ukuba onke amalungu kunye namalungu omzimba isilwanyana zihlobene. Uyatsho ukuba "umzimba lonke enxibeleleneyo. iindawo ngabanye ayikwazi kutshintshwa ngaphandle ibangela utshintsho kwezinye. "

impumelelo

Sesayensi ebalaseleyo kwinkalo kwesayensi ngelo xesha ingqalelo Zhorzh Kyuve. biography emfutshane uthi ngo-1794 sisazinzulu asebenza Museum omtsha Natural History. Apho wabhala incwadi yakhe yokuqala ngezinambuzane, leyo aphawula ukuqala umsebenzi ezinkulu zenzululwazi.

Ngowe-1995, Cuvier baqalisa ukuhlala eParis. Emva konyaka, wathabatha sihlalo ukwakheka yezilwanyana kwi Sorbonne waza wamiselwa njengelungu National Institute. Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva waba umphengululi kwi intloko yesebe ukwakheka lokuthelekisa University of Paris.

Ngokuba impumelelo yakhe zenzululwazi Zhorzh Kyuve wafumana peerage waseFransi yaba lilungu le-French Academy.

isiphelo

Cuvier wenze igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso komzimba lokuthelekisa kunye kwesayensi. umsebenzi wakhe waba isiseko ukufunda ngakumbi izilwanyana, kunye nokuhlelwa yayo zigcinwe ixesha elide. Yaye nokuba washiya iqela iingcamango entsimini yendaleko, isazinzulu ufanelwe indumiso nokuwuqaphela imisebenzi emininzi.

Zhorzh Kyuve wafa May 13, 1832.