Umjikelo wobomi ubulembu: ngokulandelelana amanyathelo

Ukuze luthathe izithuba ezintsha, izityalo bamandulo kwafuneka sifunde indlela iimeko zokuphila entsha ngokupheleleyo. Umzekelo, ilahleko esisigxina ukufuma ngokusebenzisa ngumphunga ekhuthaza nasisihlo wax olukhuselayo umaleko. Ukungabikho kwenkxaso emoyeni, ngokuchaseneyo amanzi ukuba ukuyilwa umzimba ngokwaneleyo engqongqo, tshintsha umgaqo yokuphefumla yezityalo, exchange igesi. Ngamaqondo obushushu neemeko kwemichiza baye ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo, yaye izityalo ziye zenziwa ngempumelelo kubo. Qwalasela eli nqaku umjikelo wobomi ubulembu.

Yintoni moss?

Ubulembu - iqela eziphilayo yamandulo. Ngokutsho kwezinye kuqikelelo, ukuba izinyanya zezityalo ezikhoyo ezisentlabathini. Amanzi on iplanethi yethu - umthombo wobomi, nesuka zonke izinto eziphilayo, kuquka izityalo. Malunga 420 yezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo kwinzala lisiza eluhlaza waqalisa ukuhlola ilizwe.

Iindlela ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo izixhobo ezifana ingalandwa ukusuka moss. Umzekelo, imeko engundoqo ukuzalisa oluyimpumelelo ulwelwe na ubukho bamanzi. Ubulembu naye uyakwazi ande kuphela ngokusebenzisa ukufuma.

Umjikelo wobomi ubulembu umdla kakhulu. Of iqela lonke izityalo eziphezulu ukuba eziphilayo kakhulu kwakudala. Bryophyta okanye usapho Moss naa - izityalo multicellular, phantse akanayo ilaphu conductive. Ngoko ke, ubukhulu kwezi eziphilayo ezincinane kakhulu - ukusuka ku-1 ukuya kuma-50 cm kufuneka moss awuveli, ukuba ziqhotyoshelwe phezu ezihlobene zomhlaba Imicu, rhizoids, apho izityalo ukufunxa amanzi .. Rhizoids luqulathe ngamanye amaxesha ze iseli enye. Mu kuya kwa nshita iingcambu ezinye izityalo ukuba babe ilaphu multicellular conductive. Amanye amalungu omzimba moss ukuba kalukhuni zichazwa esikhondweni kunye namagqabi. Noko ke, eneneni iyafana ukuya isiqu namagqabi ezinye izityalo emhlabeni ngo kubume bayo.

ukuhlangabezana phi?

Ubulembu bebeziqhelanisa ngempumelelo kubomi ezahlukeneyo lobushushu kunye neemeko zemozulu kwaye wafumana phantse wonke umhlaba, ukususela kwiingingqi ezibandayo le ndawo. ukuba lukhona kakuhle neemeko ukufuma eliphezulu - emahlathini, ezintabeni. Kukho kwakhona iindawo moss neyomileyo. Survival wabetha mossy - bakwazi ukumelana amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu, ukuya ku-70 degrees Celsius. Sezulu owomileyo ubulembu naphaya ukuze siwe zibe kwimeko oopopayi abanqunyanyisiweyo ezinxulumene ukuhla zemozulu onyaka. Xa imvula iwela kwaye ubushushu umoya uvikivwa, umhlaba utyebile, kwaye moss "siphila", umjikelo lokwanda iqala. Cinga ixabiso le ngxabano umjikelo wobomi ubulembu.

Imiqathango wokuphila ubulembu

Moss ekhula kakuhle kwiindawo beswele kwelanga, umzekelo emiqolombeni, iintanda nemingxuma wengxondorha, ukuthatha ezo yayigcinwa zokusingqongileyo apho ingenako khona ezinye izityalo.

Indawo kuphela apho moss akakwazi ayikho - akukho imihlaba ye-saline kufuphi nolwandle.

Ngokungaqhelekanga Imbewu aqine kuzo ubulembu. Ngumoya ukuba bahambe imigama emide. Ugqitho lwe imbewu ahlale eminyaka.

Ubulembu angemi oovimba enkulu ukufuma, ngoko usebenzisa kubo lo ummiselo eseleyo amanzi yomhlaba. Ngoko ke, ngokuba moss ecosystem kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukongeza, kuba kwezinye iintlobo, lo moss ngumthombo ukutya enkulu.

Phezu komhlaba namhlanje, kukho malunga 30,000 iintlobo ubulembu. Izazinzulu Cazulula ezi zityalo kwi morphology, isakhiwo kunye neendlela njengezingxobo ibihlungu bandlala sikuyo.

Ubulembu ikwazi ukuzandisa kokubini imbewu kunye ngokukha. Umjikelo wobomi ubulembu esilawulwa ngesondo phezu isizukulwana maqanda.

ubulembu avuthulukayo briopsidy

Le iklasi kunokuba enkulu yezityalo, nto leyo efuziselwa amawaka 15 iintlobo ubulembu. Bona zahlukahlukene kakhulu ngembonakalo, ubukhulu kunye nokumila. Esi sityalo Njengokungeniswa kwesithungu igqunyiweyo amagqabi zicwangciswe spirally ngeenxa esiqwini. Eyona nto kubalulekile Inqanaba kuphuhliso lwabo kuthiwa gametophyte. Indlela ubulembu nokuzalana yegqabi - sikuyo. Amaninzi, ezi zityalo zifumaneka kwiindawo ezimanzi, imigxobhozo nenamathafa. Kukushkin iflakisi umgquba moss - abangabameli kuvamile briopsidov.

ubulembu hepatic

Liverworts zimelwe subclasses ezimbini: jungermanniales kunye marshantsievye. Ezi zityalo nazo kuninzi - iintlobo 8500. Ndingathanda nje sihlahla moss gametophyte - eli nqanaba liphezulu ukukwazi kwabo. Isityalo kukodwa isiqu elingqingqwa kunye amagqabi, ezithi zibekwe ecaleni esiqwini. Indlela yokuzala - iingxabano leyo zisasazwe ngokusebenzisa isixhobo okhethekileyo, kukho uhlobo 'imithombo ", leyo kuthiwa elaters. Ezi zityalo zaziwa kakuhle kwimozulu nokufuma emvula kunye epholileyo. Phakathi abameli - marchantia polymorphic, ptilidium ciliated, blefarostroma volosolistnaya, kunye nabanye.

Antotserotovye ubulembu

Esi sigaba abaninzi kangaka, yaye imelwe ziintlobo 300 zezityalo. Sporophyte - isigaba ubalulekileyo umjikelo wobomi kwisityalo. Khangela antotserotovye ubulembu ezifana thallus - umzimba nto leyo ayohlulwanga ingcambu, isiqu kunye namagqabi. Ukhulisa ezi ubulembu kumahlathi nokufuma emvula kunye nemimandla ziingcathu. Antotseros - ungummeli eqhelekileyo kule klasi.

KUKUSHKINA Umjikelo wobomi oqhumayo ziza kuchazwa ngezantsi. Moss Kukushkin iflakisi - sisityalo ongatshiyo. isakhiwo yawo isakhiwo ephuhliswe kakuhle. Isiqu ephambili tyaba amagqabi brown kwaye ngaphandle micingeni lesibini, emi ngqo, branched okanye akatshatanga.

Isiqu secondary igutyungelwe dark eluhlaza ngqwabalala, ngathi ke inyatyhowa, amaphetshana. Ezi ezinawo ungakwazi ukufikelela kubude 10-15 cm ukuya kuma-40 cm. Amagqabi asezantsi ezi kukubola. Eso sityalo inkqubo conductive abangekaphuhli olukwaziyo yokuhambisa amanzi, kunye neeminerali ukuya amagqabi apha esikhondweni. rhizoids zayo linokufikelela kubude phantse-40 cm.

indawo yokukhula yeflakisi moss Kukushkin

Kukushkin iflakisi ikhaba zidla kakuhle kwiindawo ezimanzi, imigxobhozo, nemiqolomba ezimanzi kunye namahlathi nespruce, uthanda kwelanga. Kwiindawo ezivulekileyo ubukhula kakhulu kunene, Sazithimba zonke indawo entsha. olubangelwa zayo olwaluqine "urhangqo" umhlaba ukuba imbewu kwezinye izityalo zikhula nto. Le sesityalo ekujoliswe kuzo liSebe ukugawula wehlathi okanye ukutsha. Le moss into kakuhle kakhulu afunxa amanzi. Density kwezityalo igcina ukufuma komhlaba. Ngenxa kule kukho iindawo ukungena kwamanzi.

Abantu kudala kusetyenziswa esi sityalo njenge isifudumezi. Caulk ngoncedo kodonga lwezindlu log. Maxa wambi kusetyenziswa njengomfuno amayeza ukuba ifiva.

iflakisi Kukushkin obandakanyeka ekumisweni nja-. Esi isichumiso exabisekileyo, elungileyo ekrwada kushishino kwemichiza umbandela.

Umjikelo wobomi ubulembu Kukushkin Len

Moss Kukushkin yeflakisi - isityalo dioecious. Le meko, xa umntu lezikhinkci zezityalo omnye wenza izitho besini esahlukileyo - inkunzi nemazi.

Kukushkin iflakisi eziveliswe alternation izizukulwana ezimbini - maqanda nangokwesini. Sporophyte - umjikelo wobomi moss, nto leyo iseli Ukwakheka maqanda. Ukuba ibe iseti diploid zofuzo. Gametophyte - umjikelo ezahlukeneyo ubomi isityalo enye, leyo encochoyini ukuyilwa gametes, iiseli intsholongwane ukuba kwakukho iqela elilodwa zofuzo - haploid.

Ngoku ndiyaqonda ukuba kutheni kumjikelo wobomi ubulembu esilawulwa ngesondo phezu isizukulwana maqanda.

Iibhokisi iimbambano, ngokutsho ebantwini, ngathi nengabangaba ehleli esibondeni. Xa imbonakalo jikelele moss Kukushkin iflakisi ufana elincinane yeflakisi izityalo, ukusuka apho ufumana igama layo. Uboya Thin kwi le chap, egubungele ibhokisi kunye iimbambano, nazo ezifana vulu yelinen emhlophe.

Ibhokisi yakhiwe kwiindawo ezininzi - urnochku, intamo kunye cap. Ngaphakathi kuyo ikholam encinane. It nje iqulethe iiseli ludlolo, nto leyo ebangela kwisahlulo ukuncitshiswa imbewu haploid abaqolileyo. Urnochka ring iphela. Emva kokugqitywa kwenkqubo ukuvuthwa ke ijikazi kuvuthelwa umoya urnochku ngokulula ukuluma esikhondweni kunye cap. Nembambano kuwa emhlabeni, kwaye isityalo umjikelo ebalulekileyo ebomini iqala kwakhona.

Moss Umjikelo wobomi isigaba

Imbewu maqanda ngexesha i "ekukhuleni" ezi imbewu haploid (equlethe isiqingatha iseti zofuzo) ngenxa ngqo, icandelo ukuncitshiswa.

Xa umhlaba ufumana imbewu manzi haploid, ngoko iqala kuhluma, ekusekeni Proton - filamentous predrostok. Ukususela oko kwasekwa gametophyte - yindoda okanye ibhinqa.

Xa ezincotsheni ezahlukeneyo akubangelwa, gametophytes Kukushkin iflakisi nokuphuhlisa antheridia archegonium - neenkunzi esini ababhinqileyo. Xa archegonium iqanda, kunye antheridium - sperm biflagellate. Ngaphandle izityalo abangamadoda sinemibala amakhulu bulubhelu brown ngaphezulu. Xa izityalo ababhinqileyo amagqabi ezinjalo bengekho.

Ukuchumisa efunekayo Amathontsi ukufuma yimpumelelo zidluliselwa ukusuka spermatozoa ukuba antheridium archegonia apho ibekwe iqanda. Le nkqubo ayidli ikhuthaza imvula eyomeleleyo okanye umbethe.

Ngenxa ngokudibana isidoda neqanda phezu isityalo imazi yakha a elilodwa diploid. Ukusuka likhula isizukulwana esitsha esi sityalo, i sporophyte okanye sporogonia. Kwaye imele sporangium-ibhokisi apho abaqolileyo sikuyo.

Siye kwakhona ngokulandelelana amanyathelo umjikelo wobomi moss.

Ubume yeflakisi moss Kukushkin

ubulembu isakhiwo umzimba efanayo ukuba ulele, njengokuba naye liquka thallus. Noko ke, usenokuba isakhiwo efaniswe isiqu namagqabi. Kuba umhlaba iqhotyoshelwe ngendlela rhizoids. Ezi zityalo ayakwazi ukufunxa amanzi kunye neeminerali rhizoids ngqo nje kuphela, kodwa umzimba uphela.

Ixabiso moss endalweni

Ngokubanzi, ubulembu - icandelo elibalulekileyo le nkqubo eziphilayo emhlabeni wethu. Umjikelo wobomi ubulembu iphawulwa umjikelezo nezinye izityalo ngaphezulu. Bona baphila kakuhle izondlo zomhlaba amahlwempu. Abakhe iindawo ngokwemigaqo ifuthe abantu ezingalunganga. Ngaloo ulungiselela umhlaba yokubuyiselwa. Ngapha koko, otmiraya moss yakha zeendawana umhlaba luncedo, nto leyo iza kuthi ke nayo kuba ezinye izityalo.

Ubulembu - zizalathisi yongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, ingakumbi emoyeni. Ngenxa ezinye iintlobo moss ezikhula kwiindawo apho umoya idlule ekwakugquba ngayo sulphur dioxide. Kukungabikho kwi zokuhlala zemveli kweentlobo ezithile moss inokubonwa ungcoliseko lomoya. Noko ke, njengoko ubulembu zibonisa utshintsho kwimihlaba, yaye kakhulu ngakumbi.

Ubulembu singalixabisa emv kwiindawo permafrost, ukufihla emhlabeni ukusuka imitha yelanga. Ngoko ukonga, ukulungelelana eziphilayo.

Ngoku, ukuba ucelwe: "Chaza umjikelo wobomi moss," ngoko ungenza ngokulula ukwenza oko.