Ukusetyenziswa kwe-eneji enyukliya: iingxaki namathemba

Ukusetyenziswa kwezi zamandla enyukliya wambulela inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe hayi kuphela endle emkhosini, kodwa kananjalo ngeenjongo uxolo. Namhlanje, uyakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kushishino, amandla kunye namayeza.

Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa amandla enyukliya zinezibonelelo nje kuphela kodwa nezingalunganga. Okokuqala, oko ingozi radiation; bobabini ngabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-eneji enyukliya yokuzenzela iindlela ezimbini: ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nokusetyenziswa izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo eqhumayo.

Ekuqaleni, amandla enyukliya yayiza kusetyenziselwa kuphela iinjongo zomkhosi, nabo bonke kuphuhliso ukuya kweli cala.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-eneji enyukliya empini

Inani elikhulu zemathiriyeli esebenzayo kakhulu kusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa izixhobo zenyukliya. Ngokutsho kweengcali, i zikhali ziqulethe iitoni eziliqela neplutoniyam.

izixhobo zenyukliya zithathwa nezixhobo zokubulala abantu abaninzi, kuba uvelisa ukutshatyalaliswa kwiindawo enkulu.

Kwirediyasi amanyathelo kunye isigxina amandla izixhobo zenyukliya yahlulwe:

• Tactical.
• Zokusebenza kunye Tactical.
• Strategic.

izixhobo zenyukliya zahlulwe zibe atomic hydrogen. izixhobo zenyukliya Ngokusekelwe engakhokelwa wabeka umxokelelwane enzima ngokucandeka ye eziba kunye abasabela ngayo nokumanyana. Kuba chain reaction usebenzisa uranium okanye neplutoniyam.

Ukugcinwa izixa ezikhulu ezifana ngayo izinto eziyingozi - oku kuyingozi enkulu eluntwini. Kunye nokusetyenziswa amandla enyukliya ukulungiselela iinjongo zomkhosi kunokukhokelela kwintlekele.

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala izixhobo zenyukliya zazisetyenziswa 1945 ngenxa uhlaselo imizi Japanese ka iHiroshima Nagasaki. Imiphumo olu hlaselo baye ezibangele. Njengoko usazi, le ukusetyenziswa yokuqala neyokugqibela amandla enyukliya emfazweni.

I-International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

IAEA yasekwa ngo-1957 ukukhuthaza intsebenziswano phakathi kwamazwe amabini entsimini lwamandla enyukliya ukulungiselela iinjongo uxolo. Zisuka nje, i-arhente iphumeza inkqubo kwi "ukhuseleko Nuclear kunye nokhuselo lokusingqongileyo."

Kodwa umsebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu - oko ukulawula phezu imisebenzi eli lizwe kwintsimi yenyukliya. Lo mbutho uya kuqinisekisa ukuba uphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa amandla enyukliya kukuba iinjongo uxolo kuphela.

Injongo yale nkqubo - ukuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa ngokukhuselekileyo amandla enyukliya, ukukhuselwa sesichengeni kwemitha yoluntu kunye nendalo. I-arhente wayenza ekufundeni iziphumo yengozi eChernobyl.

I-arhente kwakhona ixhasa uphando, uphuhliso kunye nokusebenzisa amandla enyukliya ngenjongo zoxolo aze njengomthetheli kwi ngokutshintshiselana kweenkonzo kunye nezixhobo phakathi kwamalungu e-Arhente.

Kunye kunye neZizwe eziManyeneyo IAEA sichaza kwaye umisa imigangatho endle nokhuseleko kunye nempilo.

amandla enyukliya

Kwisiqingatha sesibini novalo zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, izazinzulu Soviet baqala ukuphuhlisa iidrafti zokuqala ukusetyenziswa esinoxolo atom. Ingqwalasela ephambili yale meko yaba umbane.

Kwaye ngo-1954, eSoviet Union wakha isityalo yokuqala amandla enyukliya ehlabathini. Emva kwale ukukhula ngokukhawuleza iinkqubo zamandla enyukliya siqalisile ukuphuhlisa eUnited States, Great Britain, Germany kunye France. Kodwa inkoliso yazo ayikhange ilandelwe. Kwathi kanti, izityalo amandla enyukliya ayikwazanga akhuphisane kwizitishi nesebenza amalahle, igesi kwakunye ne-oli amafutha.

Kodwa emva kokuqhambuka zentlekele amandla lwehlabathi kunye nokonyuka kwamaxabiso e-oli phezu imfuno amandla enyukliya bakhula. Kwi-imi- 70 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, iingcali babekholelwa ukuba amandla zonke izityalo amandla enyukliya uya kukwazi indawo isiqingatha.

Ngeminyaka yee-80s ekukhuleni samandla senyukliya kwakhona kuhlile noko, inshita waqalisa ukuhlola izicwangciso zokwakhiwa izityalo ezitsha samandla enyukliya. It wonyuselwa njenge nkqubo ogcino lwamandla kunye ukuhla kwamaxabiso e-oyile kunye ntlekele kwi kwisityalo eChernobyl, nto leyo yaba neziphumo ezibi hayi kuphela Ukraine.

Ngapha koko, amanye amazwe baye bayeka ukwakhiwa kunye nokusebenza izityalo zamandla enyukliya.

amandla enyukliya lamaphulo isithuba

Kwisithuba ukuba ukubhabha reactor zenyukliya ezingaphezu kwesithathu elinesibini, zisetyenziswa ukuze amandla.

Kuba okokuqala reactor zenyukliya zisetyenziswa emajukujukwini, amaMelika ngo-1965. Zamafutha asetyenziswe neyuranium-235. Wayesebenza iintsuku 43.

ESoviet Union kwi-reactor "Daisy" laphehlelelwa Institute of Atomic Energy. bekufanele lwalo lusetyenziswe kwi iziphekepheke kunye iinjini plasma. Kodwa emva kokuba zonke izilingo ayikhange zifakiwe emajukujukwini.

isityalo Okulandelayo wenyukliya "Buk" lalibhekisela radar sokuhlola satellite. Iyunithi yokuqala yaphehlelelwa ngo-1970 ukusuka Baikonur Cosmodrome.

Namhlanje, "Roskosmos" yaye "Rosatom" sinikela ukwakha isiphekepheke, nto leyo eya mayixhotyiswe injini irula yenyukliya kwaye ziya kuba nako ukufikelela kweNyanga Mars. Kodwa ke ukuza kuthi ga ngoku sele yonke kwisindululo bakala.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-eneji enyukliya kushishino

amandla enyukliya isetyenziselwa ukwandisa uvakalelo zohlalutyo iikhemikhali kunye nokuveliswa ammonia, hydrogen kunye namanye amachiza, okusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa izichumisi.

amandla enyukliya, esetyenziswa kwishishini yemichiza ye kuvelisa imichiza entsha, kuyanceda ngokutsha iinkqubo ezithi zenzeke kuqweqwe lomhlaba.

Kuba ezingokususwa kwetyuwa emanzini amtyuba amandla enyukliya iyasetyenziswa. Ukusetyenziswa kushishino intsimbi i kwenza kube lula ukuba ukubuyisa intsimbi ngentsimbi ekrwada. Umbala - ezisetyenziselwa imveliso aluminiyam.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-eneji enyukliya kwezolimo

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-eneji enyukliya kwezolimo elisombulula ingxaki yokhetho kwaye inceda ekulweni izinambuzane.

amandla enyukliya isetyenziselwa imbonakalo kohlo- kulo mbewu. Oku kwenzelwa ukuba ufumane iintlobo ezintsha ezisa isivuno kunye nezifo-exhathisayo izityalo ngaphezulu. Ngoko ke, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha wengqolowa elinywa Italy kwimveliso yepasta, kususelwe yi wezakhi.

Kwakhona ngoncedo radioisotopes ukumisela iindlela ezingcono zokusebenzisa nezichumiso. Umzekelo, sebenzisa ukuba ukumisela ukuba ukulinywa irayisi kungancitshiswa ngama- isicelo-nitrogen isichumiso. Oku kuya konga imali nje kuphela, kodwa ukulondoloza okusingqongileyo.

A isuntswana ukusetyenziswa engaqhelekanga amandla enyukliya - ukuba exposure kwezinambuzane kwindawo. Oku kwenziwa ukuze abazise indalo. Kulo mzekelo, izinambuzane kwavela ukusuka kwindawo zokhanyo musa ukuba inzala, kodwa kungenjalo yinto eqhelekileyo.

amayeza nuclear

Medicine usebenzisa izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo radioactive ukwenza ukuxilongwa. izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo Medical abe elifutshane isiqingatha ubomi kwaye angezanga nawuphi na umngcipheko ethile abanye, kwaye sesigulane.

Enye ukusebenzisa amandla enyukliya amayeza iye yavulwa kutshanje. Le Itomography i engcolisayo. Ingasetyenziswa ukwenza ukubona umhlaza isaqala.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-eneji enyukliya kwezothutho

Ekuqaleni-imi- 50 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, iinzame zenziwa ukudala itanki kwi enyukliya-amandla. Development yaqala eUnited States, kodwa projekthi zange iphunyezwe. Ikakhulu kungenxa yokuba ezi iitanki Ababa nako ukusombulula ingxaki uvikele enqanaweni.

Ayaziwa Ford uye wasebenza nzima phezu imoto, eya kusebenza ngamandla enyukliya. Kodwa ubeko kwimveliso womatshini enjalo akaphumanga.

Le nto ukuba ufakelo yenyukliya kuthatha isithuba, kwaye imoto ufumana mbini kakhulu. zamandla compact ziye akabonakalanga projekthi yebhongo ukuze ibuye.

Mhlawumbi lothutho idumileyo eyehlayo phezu amandla enyukliya - ke iinqanawa ezahlukeneyo, ngeenjongo zomkhosi yoluntu:

• icebreakers Nuclear-anikwe amandla.
• imikhumbi Transport.
• abathwali Aircraft.
• Ii nkwili.
• Cruisers.
• ngwenya Nuclear.

Nobubi zamandla enyukliya

Namhlanje, isabelo amandla enyukliya kwi imveliso yezamandla jikelele imalunga-17 ekhulwini. Nangona abantu usebenzisa kumafutha eziphili zamandulo, kodwa oovimba bayo azikho ongapheliyo.

Ngoko ke, njengokuba enye, wasebenzisa amafutha enyukliya. Kodwa ke inkqubo ye lokulungiselela kunye nokusetyenziswa bunxulunyaniswa basengozini enkulu ubomi kunye nokusingqongileyo.

Kakade ke, rhoqo ukuphucula reactor zenyukliya, ukuba athathe onke amanyathelo okhuseleko kunokwenzeka, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha oku akwanelanga. Umzekelo i ingozi kwi iChernobyl mveliso samandla senyukliya kunye Fukushima.

Kwelinye icala, reactor wandisebenzela kakuhle isenza akukho bume imitha, kanti ngamandla wobushushu isixa esikhulu kwezinto eziyingozi kwi-atmosfera.

Le ngozi inkulu buphelile amafutha, ukusetyenzwa kwayo kunye nokugcinwa. Ngenxa namhlanje ukuba kusungulwe kulahlwe ngokukhuselekileyo ngokupheleleyo inkunkuma yenyukliya.