Ezikhona Aristotle. Mind nanini win!

sazi eBalaseleyo of Greece yamandulo, uAristotle (owazalwa 348 BC) waba nomdla Sciences enokwehla. umfundi oluthandayo uPlato, wafunda kakuhle intanda yakhe, kodwa, nangona kunjalo, oku sele phantsi ugxekwa. Ukuba Aristotle fanele ku ibinzana ezaziwayo-kakuhle ezingenamandla ze uPlato, ubuhlobo kunye nenyaniso. Works Aristotle wathetha noluntu ngokubanzi, ugcinwe kunjalo, kuphela amaqhekeza, imisebenzi eyenzelwe abafundi asinda ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje.

Igama elithi "ezikhona" wangena ukusetyenziswa ukufakwa Andronika Rodosskogo ngubani waqokelela imisebenzi Aristotle. Ingqokelela imisebenzi yakhe yayiquka iincwadi 14: usebenza logic, iinzululwazi zendalo, incwadi yokuba, umsebenzi yokuziphatha, ubuhle, ibhayoloji kunye nezopolitiko. Ezikhona iye igama icandelo kwi izithuthi emva kokuba izifundo yemvelo (Liguqulwe lithatyathwa Greek - "meta" lithetha "ngaphaya").

Le ezikhona ye -sobulumko yamandulo yamaGrike ukumcacisela ngokuchane imfundiso imigaqo lokuqala, wabeka isiseko ubulumko. ezikhona Aristotle lichaza izizathu ezine phezulu zokuba (ukuba izinto kuqala). Endaweni yoko ubume zikaPlato zontathu (ihlabathi yezinto, ihlabathi ngezimvo nezinto), yena ecetywayo a okubandakanya ezimbini izinto yaye kuphela fomu. Ezikhona Aristotle kaThixo ingashwankathelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Umba, okanye yonke into ekhoyo cala - ngokuzimeleyo kumbukeli. Umcimbi obungenakutshatyalaliswa, kwaye obungunaphakade, eyimpumelelo egalelwe, kusenokubakho ukuvela ezahlukeneyo izinto. Lo mba lokuqala esibonakaliswa ngohlobo eziqalelo ezintlanu, ukuba izinto ezifanayo - umoya, umlilo, amanzi, umhlaba kunye into wasezulwini - Etere.
2. Form. Ukusuka umcimbi obungabangeli mdla Isizathu Inqununu idala ezahlukahlukeneyo. Genesis into umanyano ifomu kunye mba, kunye imilo kukwabonisa ukuqala i esebenzayo kunye nobuchule.
3. Ohambisa yinkulumbuso zonke iintlobo, phezulu kunye unobangela iphela, nomoya kunye noThixo ngonaphakade. Oku kubonisa ixesha apho ukuqalisa ubukho yezinto.
4. Usukelo, okanye "into ngawo". Ubukho into nganye ugwetyelwe nayiphi injongo; injongo ephakeme elungileyo.

Njengoko sibonile ngentla, omnye iindidi eziphambili intanda Ukutyhubela imbali yayo ukusuka kudala ukuya namhlanje waba ingqiqo eqaliswe Aristotle wabeka. Physics na isifundo ngezenzeko njongo, ezikhona kwakhona uphonononga oko alikho ophathekayo , kwaye lisebenza unobangela kubo. concepts phambili kunokubonwa kwi sinonimayzinge amagama mihla: nobuntu - zingabonakali, unmanifested, efanelekileyo, izangoma.

Ezikhona Aristotle utsho umanyano eziphathekayo buphelele, uhlobo lwesicatshulwa kunye nomxholo. Isiseko kwemithetho zendalo ukuhlangana izichasi - imini-ebusuku, elungileyo-ezimbi, eyindoda-nemazi, top-ezantsi, nto leyo yenze umlilo, umoya, amanzi kunye nomhlaba, kwaye ibe enye kwenye
sibulela amandla yentsebenziswano. Ngokutsho ingcamango yakhe, iimpawu esemgangathweni ngokwemvelo zaseprayimari ngokunxulumene zamanani.

Isigaba sokuqala sale kwingqiqo Aristotle amabango nobuntu ukuqonda ngokoluvo ngokusebenzisa imvakalelo. Logic, ngaphandle apho ulwazi akunakwenzeka, uAristotle iqwalasela inzululwazi organic, kuba sisixhobo (organon) ukulungiselela isifundo ebomini. sigaba Higher efanayo - nolwazi olwamkelweyo - kukufumana ukufana iziganeko izinto ngamnye.

Eyona ngokunenzuzo ezikhona ngayo ingqondo yomntu Aristotle ubiza.