Ukuvinjelwa kweLeningrad: inyaniso enomdla. Kwiintsuku ezingama-900 zokungqingwa kweLeningrad

Enye yeempawu ezibuhlungu kakhulu zeMfazwe ePhambili yePatriotic yi-Blocked Leningrad. Imbali igcinwe iinyani ezininzi ezifaka ubungqina kulo vavanyo olubuhlungu ebomini kwisixeko se-Neva. I-Leningrad yayijikelezwe ngabahlaseli be-fascist malunga neentsuku ezili-900 (ukususela ngoSeptemba 8, 1941 ukuya kuJanuwari 27, 1944). Kwabemi abemi neyesigidi abahlala kwintlapho esenyakatho ngaphambi kokuqhambuka kwemfazwe, ngexesha lokukhusela, abantu abangaphezu kwama-600,000 bafa ngenxa yendlala, kwaye amawaka angamawaka abantu basezidolophini bafa ngenxa yokuqhuma ibhomu. Nangona kunqongophala kokutya, inqabileyo enkulu, ukungabikho kobushushu kunye nombane, abantu baseLeningrad babemi ngokugqithisileyo kwi-fascist attack and did not give up their city to enemy.

Ngokuphathelele ukuvinjelwa kwesi sixeko kwiminyaka emininzi

Ngo-2014, iRashiya yagubha iminyaka engama-70 yokuvalwa kweLeningrad. Namhlanje, njengamashumi eminyaka edlulileyo, abantu baseRashiya baxabisa kakhulu abantu belo sixeko kwi-Neva. Ngokuphathelele ukukhusela iLeningrad, inani elikhulu leencwadi ezibhaliweyo, ezininzi zeencwadi kunye neefrimu. Ngokumalunga nokuzikhusela kwesixeko, xelela abafundi nabafundi. Ukuze uqikelele ngakumbi imeko yabantu abanjwe eLeningrad ezungezwe yimikhosi yama-fascist, sikhuthaza ukuba uzifundele ngeziganeko ezinxulumene nokufakwa kwayo.

Ukukhutshwa kweLeningrad: inyaniso enomdla ngokubaluleka kwesixeko kubahlaseli

Ukubamba amazwe aseSoviet, amaNazi avelisa icebo leBarbarossa. Ngokuhambelana naye, amaNazi ayecwangcise ukunqoba inxalenye yeYurophu ye-USSR ezinyangeni ezimbalwa. Isixeko seNeva ngexesha lokusebenza kweSoviet Union kwadlala indima ebalulekileyo, kuba uHitler wayekholelwa ukuba ukuba iMoscow iyintliziyo yelizwe, ngoko uLeningrad ngumphefumlo wakhe. I-Fuhrer yayinokuqiniseka ukuba ngokukhawuleza ukuba i-capital capital ewela phantsi kwehlaselo lamajoni aseFransi, i-state of state iya kubuthathaka, kwaye emva koko iyakunqotshwa kalula.

Nangona ukuchasiswa kwemikhosi yethu, amaHitler aphumelele ukwenza inkqubela phambili ngaphakathi kwelizwe kwaye azungeze isixeko kwi-Neva evela kumacala onke. NgoSeptemba 8, 1941 wehla kwimbali njengosuku lokuqala lokungqingwa kweLeningrad. Kwaye yilapho zonke iindlela zomhlaba ezivela kwisixeko zachithwa, kwaye wayezungezwe intshaba. Nsuku zonke iLeningrad yayixhomekeke kwiinqwelo zokulwa, kodwa ayizange izinikezele.

Inkunzi esenyakatho yayingumngcipheko wokuvalwa kweentsuku ezili-900. Kuyo yonke imbali yokuba khona koluntu le nto yayikude kunene kwaye kunqabileyo kakhulu kweso sixeko. Nangona kunjalo ukuba ngaphambi kokuqala kokukhusela abanye abahlali bakwazi ukuphuma e-Leningrad, apho bekuqhubeka kube nenani labantu basezidolophini. Aba bantu babandezeleka kakhulu, kwaye akubona bonke ababenokukwazi ukusinda de kubekho ukukhululwa komzi wabo.

Uloyiko lokulamba

Ukubetha komoya rhoqo akuyona nto eyona nto eyenziwa ngabaLeningraders ngexesha lemfazwe. Ukunikezelwa kokutya kwisixeko esizingqelekileyo kwakungekho, kwaye oku kwabangelwa yindlala enkulu. Ukubonelelwa kokutya kwezinye iindawo zokuhlala kungavimbela ukukhutshwa kweLeningrad. Amaqiniso anentshisekelo abashiya abantu basezidolophini malunga neli xesha: abantu basekuhlaleni bawela ekudleni ngokulamba kwindlela yesitalato Nsuku zonke abantu abaninzi nokufa kwabo besuka kuphele, izidumbu zalala kwizitrato zedolophu, kwaye kwakungekho mntu ucocekileyo.

Ekuqaleni kokungqingwa, abaLeningraders baqala ukukhupha amakhadi okutya apho babefumana isonka. Ukususela ngo-Oktobha 1941, umgangatho wesonka wemihla ngemihla waba ngu-400 g ngomntu ngamnye, kwaye kubantwana abaneminyaka engaphantsi kwe-12, abaxhomekeke kubasebenzi kunye nabasebenzi-200 g. Kodwa oku akulondolozi abantu basezidolophini belambile. Izibonelelo zokutya zancipha ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ngoNovemba 1941 isahlulo sesonka saso sonke safuneka sancitshiswa sibe yi-250 g kubasebenzi kunye 125 g kwezinye iindidi zabemi. Ngenxa yokungabikho komgubo, kwakunesiqingatha sokungcola okungekho nto, kwakumnyama kwaye kunomsindo. AbaLeningraders abazange bakhononde, ngenxa yokuba isonka sawo sasisindiso kuphela ekufeni. Kodwa indlala ayizange iphele iintsuku ezili-900 zokungqingwa kweLeningrad. Kakade ekuqaleni kowe-1942 isondlo sesimiso samhla ngemihla sanda, kwaye yena ngokwakhe waba ngumgangatho ophezulu. Ngomnyaka ka-Febhuwari 1942, abahlali beli dolophu kwiNeva ngokokuqala ngqa banikwa i-rum efrijini kunye nenyama yenyama yenkomo. Kancinci imeko yokutya kwisikhululo esenyakatho yazinziswa.

Ubusika obungavamile

Kodwa kungekuphela nje indlala eyayikhunjulwa ngabemi bemeko lweLeningrad. Imbali iqulethe ubungqina obubusika buka-1941-1942 bubandayo ngokungaqhelekanga. AmaFrost kwisixeko asuka ngo-Oktobha ukuya ku-Ephreli kwaye anamandla ngakumbi kuneminyaka edlulileyo. Kwezinye iinyanga, i-thermometer yehla kwi-degrees -32. Le meko yahluthwa yi-snowfalls enzima: ngo-Epreli 1942 ukuphakama kwe-snowfrifts kwakuyi-53 cm.

Nangona ubusika obushushu obushushu, ngenxa yokungabikho kwamanzi kulo mzi, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuqala ukufudumala okukhulu, akukho mbane, ukunikezelwa kwamanzi kwacinywa. Ukuze ngandlela-thile ifudumele indlu, i-Leningraders yayisebenzisa izitofu-burzhujki: zitshisa yonke into eyayitshisayo - iincwadi, izigubhu, ifenitshala endala. Elambile yindlala, abantu babengenako ukuma kubanda kwaye bafa. Inani elipheleleyo labemi abafa ngenxa yokugqithisa kunye neqhwa, ekupheleni kukaFebruwari 1942, babedlula abantu abayizigidi ezingama-200.

Ngendlela "yobomi" kunye nobomi obujikelezwe ngutshaba

Kuze kubekho ukuphakanyiswa okupheleleyo kokungqingwa kweLeningrad, yindlela ephela apho abemi baxoshwa khona kwaye banikezelwa isixeko, uLake Ladoga wahlala . Kulo, iilori kunye neenqwelo zamahashe zazithunyelwa ebusika, kwaye i-barge yayihamba ngeeholide ehlobo. Indlela esincinane, engakhuselekanga ngokupheleleyo kwiibhobho ezivela emoyeni, yayikuphela kwekhonkco phakathi kweLeningrad engqongwe nehlabathi. Abantu ababizwa ngokuba yiLake Ladoga "indlela yobomi", kuba ukuba kwakungekho kubo, amaxhoba ama-fascists aya kuba mkhulu kakhulu.

Kwimizuzu emithathu, ukuvalwa kweLeningrad kwaphela. Inyaniso enomdla kweli xesha ibonisa ukuba, nangona imeko yentlekele, ubomi buqhubeka kwisixeko. KwiLeningrad, nangona kwindlala, izixhobo zemikhosi zenziwa, iindawo zemiboniso kunye neemyuziyamu zavulwa. Umoya wokulwa wabantu basezidolophini waxhaswa ngababhali abadumileyo kunye neebongozi abahlala besenza kwi-radiyo. Ngobusika ka-1942-1943 imeko enyakatho-mali yayingabalulekanga njengoko yayisetyenziswa. Nangona kuqhutywe ibhomu rhoqo, ubomi baseLeningrad buzinzile. Amafayili afunyenweyo, izikolo, iikhamera, iibhafu, ezikwazi ukubuyisela amanzi, isixeko saqala ukuhamba ngezithuthi zikawonkewonke.

Ingcaciso enqwenelayo ngeSt. Isaac's Cathedral kunye neekati

Ngomhla wokugqibela wokungqingwa kweLeningrad, wayephantsi koqhopholo oluqhelekileyo. Iinqwelomba, zaza zafakwa kunye nezakhiwo ezininzi kuloo mzi, zaza zawela ngapha kweSt. Isaac Cathedral. Ayaziwa ukuba kutheni ama-fascists awazange achukumise isakhiwo. Kukho ingqungquthela abasebenzisa i-dome ephezulu njengendawo yokubhenkcelela i-shelling. Isakhiwo esingaphantsi kwetemathrare senziwa njenge-depository kwiimyuziyamu zaseLeningrad zeemiboniso zeemyuziyam ezixabisekileyo, ngenxa yokuba zikwazi ukugcinwa zize ziphele ekupheleni kwemfazwe.

Akunjalo kuphela ama-fascists ayengxaki kubantu bakuloo dolophu, ngelixa ukuvalwa kweLeningrad kwaphela. Iinkalo ezinomdla zibonisa ukuba kwinqununu enyakatho kwinani elikhulu lamagqabi ahlukanisiweyo. Batshabalalisa ukutya okuncinci kokutya okwasala kwisixeko. Ukuze ugcine uluntu lwaseLeningrad ngendlala, iinqwelo ezine zeekati ezibhekisayo, ezithathwa njengezona zi-rat-catchers ezigqwesileyo, zazithunyelwa kuwo "ngeendlela zobomi" ezivela kwingingqi yaseYaroslavl. Izilwanyana zazijamelana nomsebenzi obanikezwe zona kwaye zatshatyalaliswa ngokugqithiseleyo iindonga, zisindisa abantu besuka kwenye indlala.

Ukugqithisa isixeko seentshaba

Ukukhululwa kweLeningrad kwi-fascist ivaliwe kwenzeka ngoJanuwari 27, 1944. Emva kweeveki ezimbini zokuhlambalaza, amasosha aseSoviet akwazi ukuxosha amaNazi kude nomzi. Kodwa, naphezu kokutshatyalaliswa, abahlaseli bazingqonge iinqununu zenyakatho malunga neenyanga ezintandathu. Kwakuphela emva kokusebenza kakubi kweVivborg kunye neSvirsko-Petrozavodsk, ekugqibeleni yenziwa yimikhosi yaseSoviet ehlobo le-1944, ukuba intshaba yagqitywa yabuya ephuma kwisixeko.

Imemori yeLeningrad engqongwe

Ngomhla kaJanuwari 27, iRashiya ibonisa usuku apho ukuvalwa okupheleleyo kweLeningrad kwaphakanyiswa ngokupheleleyo. Ngalo suku olungalibalekiyo, iinkokeli zelizwe, abafundisi beeCawa kunye nabemi abaqhelekileyo bafika emangcwabeni ePiskarevskoye eSt. Petersburg, apho umlotha wamakhulu amawaka abantu baseLeningraders, abafa ngenxa yindlala kunye ne-shelling, bahlala emangcwabeni amaninzi . Iintsuku ezili-900 zokuvalwa kweLeningrad ziya kuhlala zihlala kumnyama kwimbali yelizwe lethu kwaye ziyakukhumbuza abantu ngobugebengu obunobunqunu obuthathaka.