Kings of Portugal: Imbali

Kings of Portugal uhleli phezu kwetrone ngaphezu kweminyaka engamakhulu asixhenxe. Baye kwaba nefuthe elibaluleke kakhulu kwinkqubo yezembali eYurophu ehlabathini lonke. Xa ukuphakama amandla Portugal wayengomnye amagunya banempembelelo. kwiikumkani ebezithathe inxaxheba kubomi kwezopolitiko eminye imibuso yaseYurophu, ngenxa intertwining kokuvala amakhosi.

History and yangasemva

Ookumkani Portugal baka ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yesibhozo, amaVisigoth imfundo kuqala ezizimeleyo weIberia Peninsula zasekwa. Nangona kunjalo, ngeli xesha iqala kukwandiswa Saracens nezwe. Ngelo xesha, bona kakhulu ngakumbi ezinamatheleneyo eziphuhlileyo ngaphezu kwezizwe saa baba. Ngenxa yoko, kwisithuba olude elifutshane ngexesha bakwazi ukuhlala phantse lonke lo zwe. Ukuphendula ayehlasela amaSilamsi osentshona kwaye akumazantsi Christian Reconquista of Europe inoxanduva. Iqala imimandla otvoovyvanie. Le mfazwe iya kuqhubeka kangangeenkulungwane. Ngenkulungwane yesithoba, udlubu kwi umda phakathi ngamaKrestu ehlabathini kunye Emirates, uBukumkani Leon kudala kwisiphaluka.

kwisiphaluka lokuqala Portuguese headed Vimara Peresh. Le imfundo karhulumente ingqalelo kwase yokuqala ka-Portugal yanamhlanje. Bala uLeon wathobela, yaye imbeko wayenguphum yakhe. Ngenxa isondele nombindi imfazwe, okwilizwe ubesoloko ethatha inxaxcheba ephambili kule Reconquista. On belingana eSpeyin, kwakukho inani liphezulu kartel evela eYurophu. Nokuba phambi Yomnqamlezo yokuqala, apha beza nabafiki kulo lonke izwekazi. knights abaninzi, owafika neqembu yakhe emfazweni nxamnye Saracens, ekugcineni. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesithoba, neemvukelo rhoqo ngokuchasene norhulumente kazwelonke. Imvukelo phantse lonke kuxhaswa okwilizwe Portuguese.

Ngenxa yoko okwilizwe yesibini yanda kakhulu nommandla wayo ukuya ezantsi. Genrih Burgundsky, wafumana ilizwe iinkonzo isithsaba, iphucula kakhulu ifuthe okwilizwe. It kancinci lubamba enye indawo buzimeleyo. Yaye kungekudala Kwathi amandla ukumkani wokuqala Portugal - Afonso.

ukuzimela

King of Castile wathumela umkhosi omkhulu ukuya ezantsi. Wabiza kwakhona kwi-French ukunceda amaSilamsi ekuthinjweni. Enye kartel - Henry lika-Burgundy - zake zaba umhlaba kufutshane nomda. Apho, wazala unyana Afonso. Ngexesha lokuzalwa kwakhe, uHenry wayesele Count Portuguese. Inkwenkwe wathatha isiqu emva kokusweleka kukatata wakhe. Noko ke, ulawulo lwakhe Mat Tereza. Afonso wayenza ekukhuliseni Bishop of Braga. Wakwenza oko isicwangciso umbono. Ukuqonda utshintsho usingasiqithi, wayezimisele ukuba i Earl aselula inkcaso kwakhokelela unina.

Emva kokuba ntetho evulekileyo, uBhishophu kunye indlalifa isihloko elinanye wagxothwa evela lizwe. Kwiminyaka ethile baphila amazwe. Iminyaka emithathu bafumana namahlakani zabo indlela abuye. E elinesine Afonso uba knight, kwaye uqalisa okwilizwe. Iqala i imfazwe unina. kartel inkxaso Afonso kunye izinduna yasekuhlaleni. Noko ke, ekuhambeni kwexesha kwicala Teresa ufumana ingumbuso - uKumkani Castile.

Kwiminyaka emihlanu kamva, kukho ingongoma esitsha emfazweni. Umkhosi Prince iphumelele e Guimaraes. Unina lamabanjwa ufumana iinjengele eyakhe zithunyelwe eMonastri. Ngoku ke amandla e-Portugal buzinze efanayo ezandleni. Kodwa ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ngakumbi uloyiso yaba ukugxothwa Alfonso Seventh. De facto asekela latshabalala. kumkani yokuqala Portugal yenyuka ukuya etroneni. Noko ke, ngokuba ukuzimela ngokupheleleyo ukumkani kunye nezinye itrone kapopu kwafuneka ukuba baqaphele ukumkani omtsha.

Ukulwela ingqalelo

Inkqubo yokuthathelwa ingqalelo eYurophu aphakathi nto inzima kakhulu. Enyanisweni, kwimeko labafowunelwa nokumisa kunye ngemihla yamva ukumkani kuba iingxaki wayenguphum yayo yangaphambili. Enye amaziko zinamandla ezibonakalisa ukuba semthethweni, yaba kwiVatican. Ingqwalasela uPopu akuqinisekisi inkxaso kwamazwe aseYurophu. Ngoko ke, lonke Portugal saqalisa ukwakha ibandla ngeendleko yobuncwane. abameli emthembisa bafumana iinzuzo ezinkulu. Kwakhona, ikumkani yagqiba ekubeni ukujongana ekugqibeleni kunye Saracens emzantsi. A Inani zoloyiso ezinkulu kuvunyelwa ukuba ukwala abahlaseli ye Tagus. Emva koko, lo wozakuzo iRoma wemka etroneni. Ngalo mzuzu, efuna ukubuyela intsimi kweli lizwe yokuhlaselwa umlawuli Alfonso. King of Portugal uya emkhosini kwaye inike ayikuthandi isigqibo. Kodwa isityebi Castile iyaqhubeka ukuba alwe imfazwe ngokuncama of mercenaries.

Isiphumo ihlabathi yaye ibonakaliswa nguKumkani Afonso, kodwa kusekho phantsi kolawulo Spanish. Emva kokufa komlawuli iqala impi entsha. Ngeli xesha, i isiPhuthukezi ukwenza inyathelo lokuqala ahlasele Compostela. Noko ke, impumelelo sokuqala kuchaswa yi kokuba kuthinjwe Afonso. Njengoko self-abewamemeza ukumkani ixesha lo ungumzekeliso ozise ophambili kurhulumente, yayisebenza abe yintlawulelo yokukhulula abantu kummandla oyiswe. Ngenxa yoko, ubukumkani Leon ngaphandle kokulwa uncediswa kwiingingqi ezininzi. Noko ke, Afonso Ubhejo kwi ecaweni badlale. Xa ikhulu elinamanci anethoba asixhenxe konyaka kwakuphethe ingqalelo ngokusesikweni geqe Portugal. I Pope egameni ezandleni zeNkosi ilungelo ngamaphulo nxamnye Saracens. Lo mcimbi ngomnye kakhulu ibalulekileyo kwimbali Iberia. Ukususela kulo mhla aqalise ukulawula ukumkani Portugal. Afonso lisekhona ithuba lokuba athathe inxaxheba kwiimfazwe ezininzi. Xa wayeneminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe, wakwazi ngempumelelo Santarém zokungqinga intuthuko. Ukusweleka kwakhe isijwili yesizwe wokwenene. Ngubani lo kumkani wokuqala wayesoyikwa iqhawe lesizwe.

Ukomelezwa yookumkani

Emva kokufa Afonso izizukulwana ezininzi ookumkani Portuguese becala waqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe. Ulawulo wayenza Reconquista kunye nokwandisa impembelelo lizwe. Ngandlel 'ithile wakwazi ukuba kuchithwe amaSilamsi ukuya ezantsi. Siqalise ukwakha imizi nemizana. Oku lula yi kwezomhlaba entsha. Ngoku ke odolo emishini afumana isabelo kuloo propati, ke, ilikhobokazana eliganelwe yokwakha iindawo zokuhlala isithsaba.

Ngokomgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle kwiinkulungwane ezininzi kumbindi ingqalelo wahlala reconquista. Ukuze ukulwa Saracens wayalela iinzame zabo bonke ookumkani Portugal. Dwelisa iinguqu eyandisiweyo ebudeni bolawulo Afonso Podge. nokumiselwa ipalamente yokuqala. Esi sixeko ufumene amalungelo eninzi. Ngeendlela ezininzi, ilungelo labo Charter ukukhuphela eRoma yoMthetho.

i ivuthwa le ntlekele

Emva kokuba ukusekwa ukumkani, ubomi yezopolitiko kweli lizwe phantse ayizange iguquke. Ezinamazinga ehlukene yempumelelo imfazwe amaSilamsi, kunye nezifundiswa baqhubeka ukuzama kwahlula ngokwayo kwimpembelelo Castile. Nangona kunjalo, indlela eqhelekileyo imicimbi latshintshwa kunye nendawo enyukayo kwitrone Pedro 1. King of Portugal, ngoxa inkosana, owatyala ukuqhushumba phantsi etroneni yakhe. Uyise wakhe wayefuna umtshato Afonso yesine ukuya Royals isiCastilian. Loo naziphi kukomeleza ubukumkani esikhundleni ngokomelela ekusingasiqithi. Noko ke, umtshato kunye nentombi umlawuli akazange athathe indawo. Ngelo xesha, uMlawuli Alfonso ugqiba ukuba atshate intombi yokumkani. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba wayetshate nomfazi wakhe ubalo lasekuhlaleni, yena iyachithakala umtshato. Ngenxa yoko, uyise umtshakazi wakhe, uManuel uqala imfazwe. Kungekudala ixhasa isiPhuthukezi. Ukuze uphawu umfela uza kutshata intombi Pedro Manuel. Constanza bafika e-Portugal. Emva ngokutshata Prince byi ingqalelo ngakumbi nangakumbi yeqabane lakhe Thozama. Kwi-sesihlanu amane ngonyaka ka Constance ufa phambi kokuba nomntwana.

Pedro uqala abaphila intombi owayesakuba imbeko umfazi wakhe. Ines idala abantwana bakhe. King unenkxalabo malunga nokuziphatha sonyana wakhe. Uyalela ukuba ukufumana iqabane efanelekileyo. Kodwa Pedro Akazange awuthobele icebiso lakhe yaye uthi umtshato Thozama. Ukongezelela, abazalwana bakhe kunye nezalamane beza ePortugal. kokuba izikhundla karhulumente ophezulu Ngesandla ukukhanya yesibhovubhovu. Oku ukhathazeke kakhulu malunga uyise nokuba ukwazi. Qala ukuba ukusasaza amarhe malunga amathuba okulwa ngokuba isihlalo sobukhosi emva kokufa Afonso yesiNe. Eyona zonke, yazi uloyiko Castilians capture amandla kweli lizwe, nangona izalamane, kunye Thozama bagxothwa eSpeyin.

ukufa ukumkani ubudala

Ngenxa yoko, Afonso akakwazi ukumelana naloo mpembelelo. Efuna kukhuselwe ikamva wobukhosi bakhe, wathumela ngasese assasin ezintathu. Ngenxa yoko Thozama abulawe. Iindaba yokushiywa oyintanda kubangela ngumsindo Pedro. Yena engafuni nokuva uyise kwaye walungiselela qhankqalazo. Kodwa ke kungekudala ziyangqinelana. Kwaye emva komzuzwana Afonso yesine ufa phantsi kweemeko angaqondakali. Ngonyaka wamashumi amahlanu Pedro isithsaba. Kwathi kanti, akazange ukuxolela kukubulawa ngumfazi wakhe. Okokuqala, yena uqalisa ukukhangela ababulali lover. Ude ekwazile kuthethathethana Castile ukuba abuyiselwe yabo. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, wayiqhubela ababulali ezimbini. Ezibonela Sika ezintliziyweni zabo. Le yokugqibela ngakwazi ukufihla ebomini.

Njengoko intsomi, emva ngokusika iintliziyo, wachitha izithethe bemfuna. Kuthiwa wayalela nkosi Ines aphume ebhokisini, enxibe phezulu ilokhwe babeka phezu kwetrone. Emva koko bonke izidwangube kwafuneka bafunge ukunqula yakhe, ezanga kakhulu isandla sakhe (ngokwe kweminye imithombo - ilokhwe). Akukho kwimithombo ethembekileyo, echaza esi siganeko, hayi, kodwa kukho ipateni.

angaphandle

Pedro wobukumkani waphawulwa utshintsho kumgaqo-nkqubo amazwe. Ke kaloku lo kuqala yaba eNgilani. Sizizigidimi Portuguese ndwendwela Albion rhoqo. It usayinwe inani kwezivumelwano zorhwebo evumela abarhwebi ukuba ukungenisa ukuhlanganiswa nempahla yabo kwintsimi zizikumkani ezibini. Ngoxa nokugcina seluxolweni eSpeyin. Reconquista inkqubela kunokuba kancinci. Ngenxa yokuba ngoku amaSilamsi ngakumbi ijongwa bemanyene ezinokwenzeka kumzabalazo amandla kule ngingqi.

Noko ke, iinguqu kakhulu ngempumelelo kweli lizwe kwaye owoyisayo ukuya kuyo nayiphi sothelekiso uthando imidlalo Pedro Lokuqala. Ngenxa yembali elinzima nabafazi bobathathu bokumkani wayengenakuba wadala indawo engcono imfazwe yamakhaya.

Kokuwa ubukhosi

Emva kokufa Pedro utshintshelo lolawulo unyana wakhe umfazi wakhe wokuqala Fernadu. Waqalisa wobukumkani bakhe kunokuba wanda. Ngoko nangoko emva kokufa koMlawuli isiCastilian uthi ibango lakhe kwetrone. Ukusebenzisa njenge nomini ibhaxa kagogo wakhe, yena uzama yokuhlanganisa amandla ezandleni zabo, hayi kuphela phezu ePortugal, kodwa Castile kunye Leon. Noko ke, abazi Spanish akavumi ukwamkela oko. Ukuze simelane inkundla isiCastilian, Fernando wakha umfelandawonye Saracens, imfazwe iqala. Emva komzuzwana uphazamisane upapa kuthula iqala. Noko ke, Fernando akadinwa amabango abo, kodwa libala kuphela ngabo okwethutyana. Xa ngokuthi wetrone kapopu, ukumkani ukutshata intombi yokumkani isiCastilian. Endaweni yoko, Fernando uthatha umfazi Leonora Menezes. Iqala omnye imfazwe. Portuguese ukuphatha ukuba bagqibe iqela izivumelwano nethandwa abazayamanisa ukucenga uHenry izikhali.

Kodwa Genriha Korol of Spain kunye Portugal emva kokufa (njengoko ingqalelo ngokwakhe) Fenrandu kuqala wacela uncedo eNgilani. Edward uthumela amajoni akhe elwandle kunye nentombi yakhe Lisbon. Emva kokuba umtshato wakhe aye Castile. Kodwa ke ukumkani ngesiquphe elahla amabango ayo baphethe uxolo. Ngexesha oku kuphungula umkhosi IsiNgesi bempahla yakhe. emva kokuba iziganeko kweenyanga ezintandathu, Fernando uyafa. Emva kwakhe, kukho ixesha yesiphithiphithi.

Interregnum kunye nexesha yokwehla

Emva kokufa Fernando akuthethi kuhlala yindlalifa enye into eyindoda. Power idluliselwa intombi yakhe. Kwaye ngenxa yobudala bakhe, eneneni - kumama wakhe. Leonora eman 'ngamayelenqe yaye ngokukhawuleza ifumana yesoka entsha. A intombi uza kunika ngenxa indlalifa ukuya isiCastilian. Oku bekuya kwenza Portugal inxalenye Spain. Yazi onganelisekanga kakhulu le nto. Ekubeni simanyene Castile ngokuchaseneyo nemigaqo engundoqo yomgaqo-nkqubo amazwe, nto leyo abathi bonke ookumkani angaphambili Portugal. Uluhlu contenders ngokuba isihlalo sobukhosi siyakhula yonke imihla. Ngokomthetho ke oonyana abangengabo Pedro kunye nenzala yabo.

Ngelo xesha ilizwe wangena iinguqulelo ezingathandwa. Zonke ezi zinto kukhokelela iyelenqe kunye ubhedu. Xa asibhozo yesihlanu-mvukelo nyaka iqala e Lisbon. Ngenxa yoko, abo bavukeli babulala ozithandayo Leonora. Ibizwe Cortes (indibano epalamente). nangoko unyukela kwitrone kaKumkani Juan 1. Portugal lujongene nengozi yokuba kuhlasela Spanish. Emva kokuba ukugxothwa linguBeatrice yaba isibhengezo ngqo yemfazwe.

Noloyiko bokumkani hayi zange kungafunyaniswa. Huang kuqala engena enempi enkulu. Injongo yalo eLisbon. Kwicala le Castilians Wenza squad French. Njengoko uncedo sethi e-Portugal uvela IsiNgesi expeditionary umkhosi abatoli ezintandathu. Emva amadabi ezimbini ezinkulu baseSpeyin ikhefu baze bashiye zamabango eendleko eziya etroneni. Emva koko, uJuan wakhokela nkqubo ikakhulu seluxolweni. Iinguqu eziphambili ezichaphazelekayo Ushintsho zangaphakathi. Nokuphuhlisa inkcubeko kunye nemfundo. Rose kakhulu, abaninzi kweso sixeko.

Ukudityaniswa kwamandla

Neenduna zisoloko intsika yoluntu, nto leyo wathembela uKumkani Portugal. Imbali uyazi of amakhulu imizekelo xa wagwilika kwinkosi yakhe. Emva kokuba amandla Aviz Dynasty iingangamsha meko itshintshe kakhulu. Oku kubangelwa ubukhulu becala ekwaziseni wookumkani ezintsha. Duarte, umzekelo, wanika inkundla isixa esikhulu somhlaba. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba ndizuze ukuzimela. Le ngxaki isonjululwe waza waba nguKumkani Portugal Joao 2 ngoko nangoko emva kokunyuka udale iziko elitsha - iKomishoni Royal on amaxhwebhu. It izilungiso amalungelo Amanene yemihlaba yabo. Kwimpendulo nabanumzana linyathelo esiqatha ulungisa sebali.

Noko ke, oko ngokukhawuleza ukumtyhilela. Intloko bavukeli ukubamba, kwaye ilifa lakhe ithathwa ekungqingweni nasekuxinweni-mkhosi zasebukhosini. Emva koko usengozini elinye ngamayelenqe ukubulala ukumkani nokushumayela ebukumkanini pretender isiCastilian. Kodwa luveza Juan. Portugal King buqu ibulala yinkokeli nabavukeli.

Juan wayekufuna kakhulu kwaye nekratshi. Kwakufuneka charisma waba negalelo elikhulu enkundleni. Ndandinomdla ngamachule okulwa imfazwe. Ngoxa inkosana, ngokufuthi inxaxheba kwiitumente knightly, elithe gqolo uhamba phambili. Waye lweli lonke engqongqo ngamandla. Noko ke ukubukelwa iinkalo ezininzi wobuntu. Kwakhona ime kuphuma ebutyebini bokumkani izibonelelo ezininzi kuphuhliso yenzululwazi. Ngokutsho kweminye imithombo, waba umdlali chess ukufunda. Nkqu sabamema ngokukodwa amagcisa yaseYurophu iqela.

Amabali ngendlela yasebukhosini

Ngexesha lokulawula amarhe Juan yesiThathu yasasazeka kwinkundla udade uMargaret uHenry 8 ukumkani Portugal angangena emtshatweni. nobudlelwano neBritani baye ngakumbi ngexesha Pedro Lokuqala. Neyabo kaninzi lwenziwa kwicala isiPhuthukezi iimfazwe kunye Castile. Ngoko ke, kuba abantu abaninzi kwabonakala ukuba Tudors uya kunikwa enye yeentombi zakhe Juan ukomeleza ubudlelwane encedisayo. UDade Marguerite Henry 8 nokumkani Portugal enyanisweni, mhlawumbi, nkqu wabona enye kwenye. Noko ke, iintsomi abaninzi baye bazizisa ndawonye. Ngokukodwa, kolu thotho popular kamabonwakude owayephila "The Tudors" noMargarita ngesakhiwo atshate i isiPhuthukezi.

Embindini enye edumileyo legend "basebukhosini 'wajika Sebastian. King of Portugal wenyuka ngoko nangoko emva kokufa kukayise lakhe kwetrone. Ros phantsi kweemeko ezinzima. Enyanisweni Education wasebenza Cardinal. Umama wabaleka ukuya eSpeyin, yaye umakhulu wasweleka kungekudala. Ngenxa yoko, lo mfana waba ngukumkani epheleleyo iminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu. Yaye phantse nangoko waya elwela lwakhe wafa. Ekhaya ixesha elide ndaya banentsomi okuthiwa Sebastian ephila ulungiselela ukubuyela kwilizwe ukuyigcina evela amabango baseSpeyin uKumkani uPhilip. Ngenxa zengqondo ezifana eluntwini, amaxesha amaninzi e-Portugal baba nabakhohlisi zithi etroneni.

Ukuphela kobukhosi

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ukumkani waba ukuhla. Ukukhusela isithsaba wabo amandla enomfutho zocindezelo. Ngelo xesha ke abantu ekusasazweni abavakalelwa yali kunye republic. bayahlelwa ngokozwi ePortugal kwagqitywa kuqala ngoFebruwari 1908. Ngokuthi abhukuqe le ngamandla ukumkani, amanye Republican baya ukuqala uguquko. Ngoko ke, bambulala Carlos First kunye nentsapho yakhe kanye kumbindi eLisbon. Nakuba kunjalo, omnye yeendlalifa etroneni yakwazi kusinda. Umama wasindisa ezilishumi-noManuela. Noko ke, akazange abonise nayiphi nomdla kwimicimbi yoluntu. Ngenxa yoko, kweli lizwe kwiminyaka emibini kamva waqalisa revolution leyo ekhokelele ukubhukuqwa ukumkani kunye isibhengezo kwiriphabliki.

Yaphela ke iminyaka elinamakhulu asixhenxe imbali yookumkani ePortugal. Ekuqaleni, ithagethi ye corona kungqinelane neemfuno yesizwe sabantu. Ngaphezu koko, wetrone kwabakho kwanokudibanisa lokwakha ngenxa uhlanga Portuguese. umsebenzi Political Ngokusisiseko efanayo. Ukukhuselwa uKumkani Portugal eyedwa ukusuka kwindawo engundoqo yempembelelo Spanish. Ubalo lwe amakhosi kunye namasebe generic zigcinwa kwi Lisbon Jeronimos Monastery. Abaninzi ukuzalwa wasebukhosini kulwalamano olusondeleyo nezindlu edume kakhulu eYurophu.