UZemsky Sobor we-1613: ukhetho lukaMikhail Romanov. Indima yeZemsky Sobors eRashiya

amaziko anjalo kwavela eNtshona Yurophu nakwimo eMoscow. Noko ke, izizathu kunye neziphumo imisebenzi yabo iye kakhulu ezahlukeneyo. Kwimeko yokuqala intlanganiso nempahla wakhonza kwibala ukuxazulula yokubanga nemiba yezopolitiko igunya, eRashiya kwezo ntlanganiso ekusetyenzwe imisebenzi ikakhulu yezolawulo. Enyanisweni, umlawuli leva kunye neemfuno zabantu abaqhelekileyo ngenxa iziganeko ezinjalo.

Ukongeza, ezi ndibano zenzeka ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba ubunye ngamazwe, njengoko eYurophu, kwaye impangele, ngoko ukwenza umfanekiso kwiinkalo zonke meko kweli lizwe, eli qumrhu kwakuko kwakunye kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

Zemsky Sobor ngo-1613, umzekelo, idlale indima sokulwela inguqu kwimbali weRashiya. Kwathiwa ke etroneni uMikhail Romanov, usapho wakhe walawula ilizwe iminyaka engamakhulu amathathu ezayo. Kwaye ke inzala zakhe bekwimo umva kumaXesha Aphakathi ukuya phambili ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini.

Zemsky Sobor e Russia

Kuphela ezo iimeko izinto ezadalwa ukumkani izindlu ummeli, ukuba kuvela nokuphuhlisa amaziko afana Zemsky Sobor. 1549 kwaba obalaseleyo kule nkalo. Ivan abangcangcazelisi siwabuthele ndawonye abantu ukuba ubuqhophololo yasekuhlaleni. Umcimbi ngokuba "Cathedral loxolelaniso".

Igama elifanayo kakhulu ngexesha kwakuthetha "zesizwe", ezimisela isikhokelo kwemisebenzi yalo mzimba.

Indima ye-Zemsky Sobor wayeza ukuxoxa imiba kwezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho kunye nezolawulo. Enyanisweni, kwaba ulwalamano kakumkani kunye nabantu abaqhelekileyo edlula icebo lokucoca kufuneka izinduna kunye nabefundisi.

Nangona ngedemokhrasi zange ukusebenza, kodwa iimfuno abakumgangatho ophantsi kuseyinto ngaphezulu eYurophu, Zinokuxutywa absolutism.

Bonke abantu bathatha inxaxheba kwiziganeko ezinjalo, oko akuvumelekanga ngamakhoboka kuphela. Wonke umntu unelungelo lokuvota, kodwa owona kwaye isigqibo sokugqibela iya kuba geqe.

Ukusukela yokuqala Zemsky Sobor yayiququzelelwe ngokuthanda kakumkani, kunye nokusebenza umsebenzi baso phezulu ngokwaneleyo, lo mkhwa uye womelela.

Nangona kunjalo, imisebenzi namagunya Institute ngamathuba kwatshintsha ngokuxhomekeke imeko kweli lizwe. Makhe sijonge ngokweenkcukacha ngakumbi kule ngongoma.

Le Ukudaleka nendima yecawa ka Ivana Groznogo ku uMikhail Romanov

Ukuba khumbula into ekwincwadi "Imbali, Grade 7" ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, ixesha XVI - kwiinkulungwane XVII iye yaba yenye zibangel, kukumkani-umntwana-ababulali kunye nesiphelo nexesha zizinto ezimbi, xa anomdla kuzo ezihlabanayo iintsapho ezahlukeneyo efanelekileyo nokuba bavela ndawo amaqhawe esizwe afana Ivan Susanin.
Makhe sibone ukuba kuqhubeka ntoni ngeli xesha.

I Zemsky Sobor yokuqala ebezibanjwe Ioannom Groznym ngo-1549. Wayengenguye kodwa cebiso yinxalenye yehlabathi. Oku yathatha inxaxheba abefundisi. Ngelo xesha, iinkokeli zecawa ukuthobela ngokupheleleyo ukumkani nikhonze abantu abaninzi uya kunikhokelela kuyo.

ixesha Okulandelayo ibandakanya Iingxaki ixesha emnyama. Nangabo ukubhukuqa itrone Vasiliya Shuyskogo ngo-1610. Kwaye kule minyaka, ixabiso Zemsky Sobor luza kutshintsha kakhulu. Ngoku ke ingcamango okhuthaza ndasukuzana omtsha ngokuba isihlalo sobukhosi. Ngokomthetho izisombululo ezinjalo iintlanganiso ngexesha wabaleka counter nokomelezwa sokumiswa.

Inqanaba elilandelayo yaba "age yegolide 'ukuba iziko bamandla. Imisebenzi Zemsky Sobor zidityanisiwe imisebenzi mthetho kunye yolawulo. Enyanisweni, oku ixesha ibhodi wethutyana "epalamente ka Tsarist Russia."
Emva inkangeleko irhuluneli esisigxina iqala sokubuyisa ixesha ekuphulukenwe nalo emva kokuba kutshatyalaliswe karhulumente. Yaba ngeli xesha udinga ingcebiso yengcali ukumkani mncinane, uthambile. Ngoko ke, iicawa asebenze sicelwe. amalungu awo ukunceda umlawuli ukuqonda imiba yemali kunye neyolawulo.

Kwiminyaka esithoba ukususela 1613, i izinduna kufuneka ixesha lokuhlela nokuqokelelwa kwemali fifths, ukunqanda ukuphinda-ayehlasela imikhosi Polish-Lithuanian abuyisele uqoqosho emva Troubles.

Nge iminyaka 1622 ngenxa elishumi andizange ukuthatha indawo, akukho Cathedral. Imeko kweli lizwe uzinzile, ngenxa yokuba kukho imfuneko ethile wayengekho kuwo.

Zemsky Sobor ngenkulungwane ye-17 yaye ezininzi indima wegunya lolawulo kummandla lwangaphakathi, kodwa umgaqo-nkqubo kakhulu kwamanye amazwe. Ukulawula of Ukraine, Azov, Russian-Polish-iCrimea ubudlelwane kwaye uninzi imiba isonjululwe sesi sixhobo.

Ekubeni Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane elinesixhenxe, ukubaluleka iziganeko ezinjalo ashiye kakhulu, kwaye ekupheleni kwenkulungwane kuzo zonke iindawo zokumisa. Uninzi langutana ezimbini yecawa - ngo-1653 no 1684, ngokulandelelana kwazo.

Kwinxalenye yokuqala kaRhulumente eMoscow uya kuthatha umkhosi Zaporozhye, kwaye ngo-1684 yaba indibano yokugqibela. It isigqibo bayahlelwa Commonwealth.
Ibali liphela kunye Zemsky Sobor. Kwenza ukuba inkqubo le uPetros Enkulu yokuseka absolutism sikarhulumente.
Kodwa makhe sihlolisise iziganeko enye icawa ibalulekileyo kwimbali Russia.

Imvelaphi isonto ngo-1613

Emva kokufa Fedora Ioannovicha eRashiya lafika ixesha Iingxaki. Waba wokugqibela inzala ka Ioanna Vasilevicha Groznogo. Abazalwana bakhe babulawa ngaphambili. I omdala, uYohane, njengoko izazinzulu zikholelwa, yawa ezandleni kayise, kunye omncinane, Dmitri, ilahleke Uglich. Yena kuthelekelelwa wabafileyo, kodwa facts kunjalo ukufa kwakhe apho.

Ngoko ke, lo mbhodamo iqala ngo 1598. Gqolo walawula kweli lizwe Irina, umfazi Fedora Ioannovicha kunye Boris Godunov. Okulandelayo etroneni batyelela unyana ka Boris, uTheodore, Lzhedmitry kuqala Vasiliy Shuysky.

Oku ixesha nokwehla kwezoqoqosho, isiphithiphithi kanye ehlasela wemikhosi angabamelwane. Kule ngasentla, umzekelo, lawula balwa. Kule yesicelo, kunye nenkxaso yabemi eMoscow, wangena imikhosi Polish ikhokelwa ngu Vladislav, unyana eyathatha III, uKumkani Poland kunye Grand Duke of Lithuania.

Kubonakala, ngenkulungwane ye-17 wadlala indima impikiswano kwimbali weRashiya. Iziganeko ezenzeka kweli lizwe, abantu banyanzeleka ukuba bafikelele umnqweno eqhelekileyo ukuba balahle isiphithiphithi. Kuzama ngokugxotha ezimbini abakhohlisi yesicelo. Lokuqala - phantsi kokukhokelwa Lyapunov Zarutsky kunye Trubetskoy, kwaye eyesibini ikhokelwa ngu Minin ne Pozharsky.

Kubonakala ukuba kokubizwa a Zemsky Sobor ngo-1613 kwaba nje kunqandwa. Ukuba ebengenguye umenzi ithuba enjalo iziganeko, ngubani owaziyo ukuba ibiya kuba ibali, yaye kuba yintoni imeko kweli lizwe namhlanje.

Ngoko ke, ngo- 1612 Pozharsky kunye Minin kwabangela wamajoni yabantu wabakhupha abantu Polish-Lithuanian ukusuka kwikomkhulu. zonke ezifuneka zidalwe ukubuyisela ucwangco lizwe.

ebiza

Njengoko sisazi, Zemsky Sobor ngenkulungwane ye-17 ube- Icandelo likarhulumente (ngokuchasiweyo ngokomoya). amandla wengqesho icebiso kuyimfuneko, nto leyo efana kakhulu nemisebenzi yebhunga Slavic, xa yonke into eza kunye uhlobo ezamahala amadoda isigqibo imiba ebalulekileyo.

Ngaphambi koku, le yokuqala Zemsky Sobor ngo-1549 esese entlanganweni. Kwaba kuyo abameli libandla kunye namagunya aseburhulumenteni. Kamva, kuphela Metropolitan eyenziwa ngabefundisi.

Oku kwenzeka ngo-Oktobha 1612, xa, emva kokuba ukugxothwa imikhosi Polish-Lithuanian luhlala yesicelo intliziyo elikomkhulu, waqalisa ukuba akhokele ilizwe ukuze. Umkhosi Rzeczpospolita, leyo ahlala eMoscow, ngokusemthethweni nje ngenxa yokuba loo hetman Khotkevich wayeka esekela wakhe. E Poland, sele ndaqonda ukuba imeko engxamisekileyo, abayi kuphumelela.

Ngoko ke, emva kokuba zabo zonke zangaphandle wangapandle izigalo kuyimfuneko ibikukuseka ngamandla amakhulu eqhelekileyo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ke wathumela abathunywa yonke imiphetho kunye kukuliphi kunye isindululo ukuzibandakanya nabantu owukhethileyo kwibhunga jikelele eMoscow.

Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba uRhulumente engekazani umwewe kwaye ezolile kakhulu, abemi bakwazi ukuza kuphela emva kwenyanga. Ngenxa yoko, i-Zemsky Sobor ngo-1613 enkantolo ngoJanuwari 6.

Indawo kuphela ukuba bakwazi ukukhawulelana bonke abantu beza, waye Cathedral kwe Ingqikelelo kwi yesicelo. Ngokutsho koqikelelo lwabemi ezahlukeneyo, imali yabo iyonke uvela ezimakhulu asixhenxe ukuya amawaka.

abaviwa

Le ngenxa kukho isiphithiphithi enjalo kweli lizwe inani elikhulu abantu abazimisele ukuba ahlale phezu kwetrone. Ngaphandle iintsapho yamandulo Russian njengenkosana, wajoyina ugqatso lonyulo namanye amazwe abalawuli. Phakathi yokugqibela, umzekelo, kwakukho Swedish Prints Karl kunye inkosana Commonwealth Vladislav. Le yokugqibela akuthethi neentloni isibakala ukuba kuphela kwinyanga edlulileyo Tyhila ngaphandle yesicelo.

Kwakhona Russian uyazi, nangona, kwaye thaca angenele yayo ngenxa Zemsky Sobor ka-1613, ubunzima ekhethekileyo emehlweni uluntu akazange abe. Makhe sibone ukuba ngubani na abameli iintsapho njengenkosana aspired ukuya emandleni.

Shuiskys njengoko inzala ezaziwayo Rurik ubukhosi, Kakade ke, baba kakhulu siqinisekile koyisa. Kodwa ingozi yokuba, bafumana bekwimeko efanayo Godunov uya kukha ezidlulileyo aboni abo wabhukuqa ookhokho babo, ukuba phezulu kakhulu. Ngoko ke, amathuba abo likaNobel encinane, njengoko uninzi abavoti base kubudlelwane nabo unokuchatshazelwa abalawuli ezintsha.

Kurakins, Mstislavsky kunye nezinye iinkosana ababekade ubambisene ebukumkanini Poland kunye Duchy yaseLithuania, wada wenza iinzame ukujoyina urhulumente, ziye azaphumelela. Abantu bona anixoleli ewolo.

Golitsyn abalawule kakuhle kakhulu ubukumkani Moscow, ukuba akunguye omele kakhulu onamandla ogqunywe ekuthinjweni ePoland.

Vorotynskys ayahlukanga bangaphambili embi, kodwa izizathu ezifihlakeleyo umgqatswa zabo, Ivan Mikhailovich, wafaka for ukwaliwa. inguqulelo inxaxheba kwakhe "ibhunga asixhenxe" ithathwa ukuba kakhulu zincomeka.

Ke ekugqibeleni, umhlabeleli fit ukuba abafaki-zicelo zomsebenzi - Pozharsky kunye Trubetskoy. Enyanisweni, ukuba elalinokuphumelela, ekubeni bazibalula ngexesha Troubles, wawagxotha imikhosi Polish-Lithuanian ukusuka kwikomkhulu. Noko ke, yena Wabakhapha, emehlweni yezikhulu zeendawo eziqhelekileyo, ingezizo nemvelaphi yakhe ebalaseleyo kakhulu. Ukongeza, ukwakhiwa Zemsky Sobor sokunikeza babesoyika esilandelayo "ukucocwa" ibhunga namalungu asixhenxe, nto leyo ekunokwenzeka ukuba ukuqala umsebenzi yezopolitiko ukuba aba baviwa.

Ngoko, kwenzeka ukuba kuyimfuneko ukufumana ngaphambili ayaziwa, kodwa kakhulu kumnombo ophucukileyo usapho njengenkosana, nako ukuze akhokele ilizwe.

izisusa esemthethweni

Izazinzulu abaninzi banomdla nesihloko. Yinto akukho joke - ukumisela ikhondo ngqo iziganeko ngexesha lokusekwa iziseko sokumiswa mihla Russian!
Njengoko kwimbali Zemsky Sobor, abantu ndawonye ukuze wenze izigqibo ezininzi ezichanekileyo.

Ngokutsho neerekhodi Protocol, isigqibo yokuqala yabantu umnyinyiva ukusuka kuluhlu abaviwa bonke abafaki-zicelo amazwe. Nam Vladislav okanye Swedish Korolevich Karl ngoku nako ukuthatha inxaxheba "ngokobuhlanga".

Inyathelo elilandelayo ukukhethwa komviwa aziingangamsha basekuhlaleni. Ingxaki ephambili kukuba uninzi lwabo zingatsalelwa phantsi kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo.

Semiboyarshina, bathatha inxaxheba kwimvukelo, zixhaswa yi imikhosi Swedish kunye Polish-Lithuanian - zonke ezi zinto zibethwa edlalwa nxamnye bonke abaviwa.

Ngokutsho kwamaxwebhu, ekugqibeleni, omnye kuphela wahlala, leyo ngoku andikawukhankanyi thina ngasentla. Le ndoda descendent of Ioanna Groznogo. Waba ngumtshana ka Tsar lokugqibela osemthethweni Feodor Ivanovich.

Ngenxa yoko, unyulo uMikhail Romanov yaba isisombululo ifanelekileyo emehlweni lwabavoti ezininzi. Ubunzima kuphela kukunqongophala ungunyana wabanumzana. waba bakhe igosa lakomkhulu amanene Prussia Andrei eemazi.

Okulandelayo siza kuthetha iziganeko ezikhokelela Akubuya odumileyo ngeenxa ibali.

Inguqulelo yokuqala iziganeko

17 kwimbali iRussia ukubaluleka ekhethekileyo. Oku kule xesha, siyazi amagama afana Minin kunye Pozharsky, Troubetzkoy, Godunov, Shuisky, mavunwa nguDmitry, Susanin, kunye nabanye.

Yaba ngeli xesha, ukuthanda isiphelo, okanye mhlawumbi ngomnwe kaThixo, kodwa umhlaba kwabunjwa ikamva bukhosi. Ukuba akunjalo kuba Cossacks, njengoko siza kuxubusha kancinane emva koko, indlela yembali, mhlawumbi, bekuya kuba eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo.

Ngoko ke, yintoni na kuyingenelo ukuba uMikhail Romanov?

Ngokutsho nenguqulelo esemthethweni, echazwe mbali abaninzi babeyihlonela ezifana Tcherepnin, Degtyarev nabanye, kwakukho izinto ezininzi.

Okokuqala, lo sicelo ndandiselula kakhulu kunye namava. yokungazi kwakhe kwimicimbi yoluntu kwakuya wavumela izinduna ukuba abe "Iikhadinali ezingwevu" kwi indima abacebisi ukuze babe ngookumkani eyiyo.

Izinto yesibini inxaxheba kayise kwiziganeko eziphathelele mavunwa nguDmitry II. Yiyo defectors evela Tushino ayikwazanga ukoyika ukuziphindezela okanye ukumkani omtsha isohlwayo sostorony.

Ukongeza, i- uBhishophu Filaret, uyise, waba igunya kubomi bokomoya zobukumkani eMoscow, yaye uninzi yoonongendi inkxaso yokutyumba.

Kuzo zonke izicelo kuzenza kuphela zincinane ezinxulumene ne-Commonwealth ebudeni 'libhunga asixhenxe ", ngoko ke iimvakalelo wokuthand yabantu kwaneliswa ngokupheleleyo. Enye bekuya kuba: inkosi lentsapho Ivana Kality, ukuba umntu yokomoya zesigaba esiphezulu phakathi kwezalamane, Oprichnina umchasi baze kananjalo abaselula "povadno" njengoko wachaza Sheremet. Nazi izinto, ngokutsho nenguqulelo esemthethweni yelogo ye iziganeko nempembelelo ubukumkani uMikhail Romanov.

Inguqulelo yesibini isonto

Abachasi bakholelwa ukuba intshukumisa siphambili unyulo komviwa wabhekisela zinto zilandelayo. Sheremet'ev aspired kakhulu ngamandla ngamandla, kodwa ngendlela efanelekileyo ababa nako ukufikelela kuyo ngenxa iintlobo commoner. Ngenxa yoku, indlela esinokusifunda kwibali (grade 7), waba i esebenzayo engaqhelekanga kukhuthazo uMikhail Romanov. Ngokuba kuye, yonke inzuzo, ngenxa yokuba ukhetho ngendlela elula, mfana unsophisticated emazweni. Wayesazi lutho kuye nawuphi na urhulumente, nawuphi na ubomi mzi, akukho ngamayelenqe.

Yaye ngubani na yena oya kuba sinombulelo loo nesisa kwaye ngubani oya kuphulaphula kuqala xa sisenza izigqibo ezibalulekileyo? Kakade ke, abo banceda ukuba athathe isihlalo sobukhosi.

Ngenxa umsebenzi kwalo igosa lakomkhulu, uninzi waya kufikelela i Zemsky Sobor ngo-1613 sele zilungiselelwe ukuba athathe isigqibo "ekunene". Kodwa into ephosakeleyo. Kwaye iziphumo zokuqala kwivoti njengongasebenziyo 'ngenxa yokungabikho lwabavoti ezininzi. "

Le ivoti izigqibo ikhutshelwa kwiiveki ezintathu kwangaphambili. Kwaye ngeli xesha kukho ezininzi iziganeko ezibalulekileyo kwiinkampu ephikisanayo.

Izinduna abaphikisa a candidacy ezinjalo, wenza iinzame balahle Romanov. iqembu Polish-Lithuanian wamajoni wathunyelwa ukuphelisa umceli-mngeni okungafunekiyo. Ke ukumkani elizayo silondolozwe ngaphambi Sasungulwa ayicacanga Ivan Susanin. Waqala wabasiki kwi kumgxobhozo, apho ngokukhuselekileyo batshabalala (kunye iqhawe lesizwe).

Shuya kwakhona uphaka imisebenzi phambi eyahlukileyo kancinci. Yena uza wawumdibanisa ataman le Cossacks. Kukholelwa ukuba la mandla ludlale indima enkulu ukulawula ka uMikhail Romanov.

Kakade ke, kufuneka kungasuki indima Zemsky Sobor, nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle izenzo esebenzayo nokungamandla kula maqela kwi ukumkani elizayo akazange ade abe nethuba. Ukuba okunene nyanzela wambeka phezu kwetrone. Oku uchaze ngezantsi.

Lilinge lokugqibela ukuthintela uloyiso ngayo izinduna Romanov waba indlela yakhe ebantwini, ukuze ndithethe, "umtshakazi." Noko ke, ngokutsho amaxwebhu, Shuya wayesoyika ukungaphumeleli, ngenxa yokuba uMikayeli wayeyindoda elula ukufunda nokubhala. Waba zokumelana ngokwayo xa sele uqalile ukugcina lwabavoti. Kungenxa yoko le nto wathabatha inyathelo nzima yaye ezingxamisekileyo.

Kutheni Cossacks wangenela?

Mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba imisebenzi esebenzayo ka Shuya kunye kufuphi ukusilela inkampani yakhe, kananjalo nangenxa amalinge izinduna "ukukopela embi" i Cossacks, iziganeko elandelayo yenzekile.

Ixabiso Zemsky Sobor, Kakade ke, ezinkulu, kodwa amandla ndlongondlongo kunye ndisisilo kudla ngempumelelo ngakumbi. Enyanisweni, kwakukho okwimo Isiphango yiMidlalo Palace ekupheleni kukaFebruwari 1613.

Cossacks atyhoboza, angena endlwini, bafuna ukuba Metropolitan abize abantu yengxoxo. Ngazwi linye bafuna ukubona ukumkani wabo uMikhail Fedorovich Romanov, "indoda blagodobrogo ingcambu lishishini elungileyo kunye uhlobo uzuko."
umfundisi Scared wabiza izinduna, yaye ingcinezelo ke ngamxhelo mnye kwisigqibo ukulawula yomviwa.

Cathedral isifungo

Kuyinto eneneni protocol ukuba uyayenza Zemsky Sobor eRashiya. Kuqhotyoshelwe apha ikopi olo gunyaziso uxwebhu wanikela yesibini ka Matshi ngo-Kolomna ukumkani elizayo kunye nomama wakhe. Njengokuba Michael ngelo xesha wayeneminyaka elishumi elinesixhenxe ubudala, ayimangalisi into yokuba othuke yaye ngoko nangoko wala anyukela kwisihlalo sobukhosi.

Noko ke, abanye abaphandi bathi xesha ukuba ikhondo ukuba kamva ukuba balungise, njengoko isifungo Cathedral okunene waphinda uxwebhu funda Borisu Godunovu. "Ukuze uvumele abantu kwi ingcinga ukuthozama yokukhonza ukumkani wabo."

Enoba oko, uMichael ndeyisekile. Uyeza elikomkhulu, apho wayemise khona isithsaba ngoJulayi 11 nyaka mnye, le yesibini ngoMeyi 1613.

Ngenxa yoko, thina sadibana simanga elikhethekileyo unangoku kuphela ngokupheleleyo izifundo kwimbali karhulumente Russian, njengoko Zemsky Sobor. Eyona nto namhlanje ichaza le nto - umahluko esisiseko evela Chamber. Enoba indlela wayenjani, kodwa umgaqo izinto iimpawu ezimbalwa. Okokuqala, lo Chamber waba yengingqi, kwaye yecawa - karhulumente. Okwesibini, owokuqala inamandla ngokupheleleyo, ngoxa olwesibini kwaba sekunjalo nje umzimba yengcebiso.