ISivumelwano saseRashiya ngeByzantium: uphawu oluqhelekileyo

KwiMandulo yaseRussia umthetho wawumelelwe yimimiselo yomthetho wesintu. Akukho ziqokelelo ezibhaliweyo eziziphetheyo. Umthetho wawumzimba womlomo womlomo. Izivumelwano zazingamazwe ngamazwe kwaye phakathi kweenkosana zazisemlomo. Amaxwebhu okuqala ebhaliweyo yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, awaye asinda nanamhla, ayenamanyathelo aseRussia ngeByzantium.

Rus kunye neByzantium

Kuze kube sekupheleni kwe-millennium yokuqala, ilungelo laseRashiya lalingumlomo, kwakungekho mgaqo obhaliweyo womthetho. Izivumelwano zokuqala ezibhaliweyo zavela ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa yobudlelwane obudabukisayo kunye neByzantium, umlandeli womthetho waseRoma, apho imigaqo nemigangatho yaveliswa ngayo, eyaba sisiseko sobudlelwane bomthetho kwanoma yiphina imeko ephucukileyo.

Phakathi kweRus neByzantium kwakuhlala kunomdla. Izivumelwano zaseRashiya kunye neByzantium zagqitywa, nangona ukuba iingongoma eziphambili zokudibanisa ziyintlukwano yempi, kodwa zakha kwaye zavusa inzala omnye komnye, inhlonipho. Oku esikubonayo kwiimvumelwano ezidibeneyo emva kokuchasana komkhosi olandelayo. Emva kokubafunda, awukwazi ukubona apho unqatshiwe khona, kwaye apho uphumelele khona. Kwakuye kumaxesha emibambano yemikhosi eyayisayinwe izivumelwano zaseRashiya kunye neByzantium, kwaye ngenxa yobudlelwane babo bekwakhelwe kwixesha elizayo, phantsi kwayo intsebenziswano kunye neenkcubeko zenkcubeko.

Iingongoma zokusebenzisana phakathi kwezinto ezifunyenwe ezi zimbini zenzeke ngokukodwa kummandla wonxweme woLwandle oluMnyama kunye neCrimea, apho i-Byzantium yayinemimandla engaphantsi. I-Russia yayidinga ukuphuma ukuya kumazantsi aselwandle ukwenzela ukuphuhliswa kobugcisa. Ukuhamba ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwemikhosi yaseRussia ukuya ngasezantsi kwakuxhomekeke ekunyuseni kweendlela zorhwebo. Kwakubudlelane bezohwebo ezazinikezelwa kwinani lezinto ezibandakanyiweyo kwiimvumelwano zaseRussi ngeByzantium.

UkuQongwa koRhulumente waseByzantium

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-IV uMbuso oMkhulu wamaRoma wancipha. Ukususela entshonalanga kwazingqingwa iintlanga ezininzi zabanqabileyo, ababetshabalalisa impucuko enkulu. Kodwa umbonisi waseRoma ongumRoma uConstantine kwikhulu le-IV wathumela umnqweno welizwe kwingxenyana esempuma yombuso, kwisixeko saseConstantinople esasisiseko, esasikulo mxweme waseBosphorus endaweni yaseGrisi yaseByzantium. Eli nyathelo, eqinisweni, lahlula ubukhosi zibe zimbini.

IRoma yayilawulwa ngabalawuli bayo, kodwa uConstantinople wahlala esixekweni esiphambili solawulo. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-5, phantse yonke insimu yaseNtshona Yurophu yayithatyathwa ngabantu baseJamani. Inxalenye yasentshonalanga yoBukumkani baseRoma awazange abaxhathise. Izizwe zabemi baseJamani zazithatha zaphanga iRoma. Urhulumente kunye nempucuko yasendulo yaphela.

Ngexesha lokuphangwa kweRoma ngabahlali, i-Byzantium yayibukhosi obunamandla kakhulu, obuye kwahlaselwa ngabalawuli, kuquka i-squad yezikhulu. Emva kohambo ngalunye, umgaqo obhaliweyo kunye neRashiya wenziwa ngeByzantium. Ekupheleni kwe-Millennium yokuqala i-Byzantium yayinamandla amakhulu okukwazi ukuphazamisa inxalenye yamazwe oMmandla waseNtshona WaseRoma kwaye ibambelele iminyaka engaphezu kweyesibini. Urhulumente ophumelelayo uncedise ekwakhiweni kwezixeko ezintsha, kunye neendonga ezintle kunye namatempile. Wayezimisele ukuma ngaphezulu kweminyaka engamakhulu elineshumi, ukuphindaphinda nokulondoloza ilifa loBukumkani baseRoma.

I-Byzantium yi-heiress yaseRoma

Umbuso wasendulo waseByzantium, ngokusisiseko, yindlalifa yenkcubeko kunye nomzukeli wenkcubeko yombuso ophezulu waseRoma-eyesibili iRoma. Uninzi lwabantu baseGrike, abaholele umbuso ebuKristwini. Kwaqhubeka ukuphuhlisa nokuphumelela. I-Byzantium yenza inxaxheba ebalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kwehlabathi kuluntu. Kwakukho ubuKristu obukhanyisiweyo. Apha ahlala kwaye asebenza oososayensi, abaculi, iimbongi, iifilosofi kunye namagqwetha.

I-Byzantium yayigcinwa ngumthetho waseRoma. Akugcinanga nje kuphela, kodwa waqhubeka nokuphuhlisa nokujongana nobudlelwane namanye amazwe, ubungqina beli zivumelwano zeRussi kunye neByzantium. Enye yezona mpumelelo ziphambili ze-empire kwakuyi-systematization kunye nokuyalela (i-codification) yomthetho waseRoma. Okokuthi, onke amaxwebhu obhaliweyo ahlaziywe ngokufanelekileyo, ahlelwe ngokwemihlathi, izingxenye, imihlathi, amanqaku. Kule meko, umthetho ukhona namhlanje kuwo onke amazwe aphucukileyo.

Iinqwelo zeRuses malunga neByzantium

I-Byzantium yakhula. Izixeko zasentshonalanga zolawulo lwaseRoma zabhujiswa ngabarba. Iidolophu ezakhiwa iByzantium zaqhubeka nokuphuhlisa kwabo uxolo. Ingqalelo enkulu yahlawulwa kwizorhwebo. NgeByzantium, indlela eyaziwayo esuka kuma-Varangi ukuya kumaGrike ayedlula. Akumangalisi ukuba urhulumente wahlaselwa rhoqo ngababhali, abazama ukubamba ubutyebi bolawulo.

I-Rus yaseMandulo, iiprogram ezibhekiselele kwiByzantium yayigqoke, ngaphezu kwayo yonke into, yayingeyona njongo yokuxhaswa kwamazwe amatsha, yayingeyona nto, kwaye yayinomdla kwiintsebenziswano zorhwebo kunye nokufumana inzuzo yentsimi. Ngelo xesha iByzantium yayiyinkokheli yobuKristu, kwaye iRashiya yayiyilizwe lobuhedeni lama-barbare. Nangona i-squad yaseRashiya yahamba emva komvuzo, i-Byzantium yenza yonke imizamo yokuseka ubudlelwane bayo nelizwe elisentla. Emva kwephulo, uphumelele okanye awuphumelelanga, enye inkontileka yasayinwa phakathi kweRussi neByzantium.

Izivumelwano

I-Byzantium yayinomdla kuRus. Kwaye, ngaphezu kwakho konke, njengokwakhiwa kwezemfundo. Ngelo xesha, iRashiya yayiyinzuzo kwiByzantium. Kwimpi yaseByzantium kwakukho amaSlav amaninzi kunye namantla aseScandinavia. Babengamadoda amanqabileyo: abanesibindi nabanobuchule. I-Byzantium yaba nempembelelo enkulu kumazwe aseMpuma Yurophu, kuquka neRashiya. Ubudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe amabini kunokugwetywa ngezivumelwano ezigqityiweyo phakathi kwazo. Iingongoma zezivumelwano ezijongene nemibandela ebalulekileyo encedayo ekwakheni ubudlelwane obunzima.

Kuze kube nexesha lethu, izivumelwano zokuqala ezi-5 zaseRashiya naseByzantium ziye zafikelela. Bamele ukuguqulelwa ukusuka kwisiGrike ukuya kwisiXhosa saseSalavonic kwaye ziqulethwe kwincwadi yesandla yamandulo "I-Tale ye-Bygone Years". Ezi zivumelwano zokuqala zaseRashiya. I-Byzantium yayinempembelelo enhle kwindlela yokwakhiwa kombuso kunye nemigaqo yomthetho wommelwane osentla. Izivumelwano zibhekwa njengezinto eziyimfuneko zokuqala kwimithombo ebhaliweyo yomthetho waseRussia.

Isivumelwano se 907

Isivumelwano sokuqala esibhaliweyo phakathi kweRus neByzantium sayinwe ngo-907. Kodwa ayingabo bonke oososayensi bakholelwa okufanayo. Abanye abaphandi bathambekele ekucingeni malunga nokuvela kwalo njengoluhlu lwamalungiselelo. Ngoko ke okanye akunjalo, ukuqinisekisa okanye ukuphika enye yezimvo akunakwenzeka.

Isivumelwano se-911

Kwagqitywa ngoSeptemba 2 kwaye ibonakaliswe yimpumelelo ephambili yeqela likaPrince Oleg kwiByzantium.

Yintoni eyabangela isiphelo somnqophiso phakathi kweRashiya neByzantium? Okokuqala, kwakudingeka ukuseka ubudlelwane obuhle-olwalamelwane, ukuxazulula umcimbi wezorhwebo, ukuthumela izinto, ezo zinto zihlala zivela xa zixubana nabantu abahlala kumazwe amabini. Isivumelwano sibonisa ukuba ii-ambassadors zithunyelwa kwintloko, eyayiyalelwe, okokuqala, ukuqinisekisa ookumkani bamaGrik Leo, uAlexandria noConstantine ngobuhlobo bokwenene kunye nobulungileyo. Ukuqhubela phambili kwizinto, imiba ebalulekileyo malunga nobudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe amabini kunye nabantu abathatha inxaxheba kwimimandla ethile kwintsimi yaseRashiya okanye yaseByzantium baxoxwe ngokubanzi.

Isivumelwano se 945

INkosana Igor wagqiba umnqophiso weRussi ngeByzantium emva kokutshatyalaliswa kwakhe ngenxa yephulo le-945. Esi sivumelwano sikopishe ngokukodwa zonke iingongoma ze-911. Ukongezelela, izinto ezintsha kunye nezilungiso zangaphambili zongezwe kuyo. Ngaloo ndlela, umzekelo, kwisivumelwano se-911, into ethile yaziswa ukubonelela abathengisi baseRashiya benzuzo xa beya eByzantium. Isivumelwano se-945 sichitshiyelwe ukuba oku kuya kwenziwa ukuba babe neencwadi ezikhethekileyo. Uluhlu lwezibonelelo luye lwacutha kakhulu.

Ukususela ekutyikityikeni kwesivumelwano, iRashiya yalelwa ukuba ingabonakali amalungelo ayo kwizinto zaseByzantium eCrimea. Ukongezelela, iRashiya yayingavunyelwe ukuba ihambe emilonyeni yomlambo weDnieper kwaye yalelwa ukuba incede iByzantium ngexesha lokuziphatha.

Imfazwe yaseRussia-Byzantine ye-970-971

Ingundoqo yenkqubela yomkhosi yile ndelayo, ngexesha lokulawula kweNkosana uSvyatoslav, ngo-969 imbambano yaseBulgaria-Byzantine yenzeke. Kuyinkosana yaseRussia ithunyelwe abameli beByzantium abanezipho ezininzi zokukholisa umlawuli ukuba ajezise i-Bulgarian Tsar Petros. INkosana uSvyatoslav kunye neqela lakhe lafudukela kwicala laseBulgaria, eyalinqoba laza laqalisa ukulilawula.

Kodwa ke intloko yaseRashiya kunye namaBulgaria aya kuByzantium. Imfazwe yaphela kwaYuni 21, ngo-971, xa kulwa imfazwe yokugqibela, eyaphelelwa ize. KwiConstantinople yayingenasiphelo, kwenziwa umzamo wokubambana. Umkhosi weRusich uphelelwe amandla kwaye wafa kakhulu. Njengamaxesha onke, inxalenye yentloko yamaBulgaria yathatha icala lamaGrike.

ISivumelwano sika-971

I-Svyatoslav ibhekiselele kumlawuli uJohn Tzimisce ngesiphakamiso sokuphelisa uxolo apho abeka khona izimo ezifanelekileyo kwiRus, kubandakanya ukubuyiswa kobudlelwane bokuqala neByzantium. UMlawuli ngaphandle kokungabaza uvumelane nayo yonke into. Umnqophiso ushiye ukusebenza kuzo zonke iimeko zomqulu odlulileyo, kwaye uNkosana Svyatoslav uthembisa ukuba akaze ahlangane neByzantium ukuba alwe, kungekhona ukuvuselela abanye ukuba balwe nalo kwaye babe ngubudlelwane bombuso omkhulu.

ISivumelwano sika-1046

Kwiminyaka elishumi kamva, ngo-981, inkosana yaseRussia uVladimir yathatha uChersonese, watshata intombi yomlawuli - uPrincess Anne kunye nokubhaptizwa kukaRus kwenzeka. I-Russia yaba ngumhlobo othembekileyo waseByzantium. Ngaphantsi kolawulo lukaMaspala amabutho aseMrasi aseRashiya, kwiNtaba yaseAthos kukho iindwendwe zaseRussia. Kodwa ngo-1043 ukuxabana phakathi kwamazwe amabini kulawula kwakhona, okukhokelela kwiphulo elitsha lamajoni aseRussia kwiinqanawa zaselwandle ukuya kwiTsargrad. Iqhwithi kunye nokuthiwa "umlilo wesiGrike" waseByzantine kwabangela ukuba ukufa kweqela lezemikhosi.

Ngokwezinye iingxelo, ngo-1044 uRusics wathatha uChersonese, ngo-1046 uNkosana Vsevolod Yaroslavich watshata intombi ka-Emperor Constantine Monomakh kunye noxolo lwentsebenziswano lwagqitywa phakathi kukaRus neByzantium.