Spengler, "Le Nqaba of Europe": isishwankathelo. Spengler, "Nqaba yaseNtshona" yi isahluko

Oswald Spengler waba mbali ngamazwi German-bulumko, ogama lobungcali nezakhono kukugubungela izibalo, inzululwazi, ubugcisa kunye nethiyori umculo. Umsebenzi ongundoqo yaye ebaluleke Spengler ingqalelo imiqulu emibini "Le Nqaba yaseYurophu", eminye imisebenzi bakhe baba ngaphandle ethandwayo yaseJamani.

Thaca ngezantsi sihloko sigxile umsebenzi ngqindilili kunye impikiswano kwi zifundo zembali kunye bulumko, oko kukuthi, "Nqaba yaseNtshona." Ushwankathe- Spengler wachaza kwintshayelelo ezibhalwe nguye. Nakuba kunjalo, amaphepha ambalwa akunakwenzeka ukuhlalisa lonke uluhlu izimvo kunye amagama, izinto ezo umdla imbali yale mihla.

Oswald Spengler

Spengler wahlala phakathi leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, nto leyo eyabangela kakhulu izimvo zakhe yentanda nokucacisa imfundiso yakhe kuphuhliso kweenkcubeko kunye neempucuko. LeMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi kwakhokelela ukuhlaziya inxenye uzibhale umthamo yesibini yomsebenzi engundoqo, ngelo xesha sele zigqityiwe Spengler - "The Nqaba of Europe". Isishwankathelo ethi volume-ezibini ezibhalwe nguye kwintshayelelo ukuya uhlelo lwesibini, ubonisa indlela omkhulu izenzo zomkhosi kunye neziphumo zazo ezichaphazelekayo uphuhliso kwethiyori Spengler kaThixo.

Imisebenzi elandelayo bulumko ingqalelo umgaqo-nkqubo, ingakumbi kwi-siseko wesizwe kunye yobusoshiyali.

Emva kokuba amandla eJamani, i-National Socialist Party of Hitler, amaNazi ingqalelo Spengler enye abaxhasi kunye Abakhuthazi ideology olukhulu. Noko ke, ukuba izinto zazivelela elandelayo iqela notyekelo zobumfazwe kwakhokelela Spengler ngokuthandabuza ikamva hayi nje amaNazi, kodwa eJamani. Ngowe-1933, incwadi yakhe "Ukwenza Ixesha" (or "Iminyaka Izisombululo"), ukugxeka ideology lwamaNazi kunye nethiyori ngobuhlanga noludumileyo, iye isusiwe ngokupheleleyo kumaphepha-ndaba.

"Nqaba of the West"

Umsebenzi wokuqala elizimeleyo le mbali sobulumko Oscar Spengler yeyona ethandwa, abanempembelelo yaza yaxoxa umsebenzi wakhe.

Ukuqonda ungubani ukohluka nenkcubeko yenye imixholo engundoqo yomsebenzi, apho wayesebenza iminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu, Oswald Spengler, - "The Nqaba of Europe". Isishwankathelo ethi volume-mbini, yaye umbhali wabhala Intshayelelo Ushicilelo lwesibini luya kunceda ijongane kunzima icacise ukuba ingcamango olubanzi Spengler.

Umqulu-ezimbini imbali nethetha imixholo emininzi kwaye inika zokwazisela ngokupheleleyo indlela ibali waqonda ehlabathini namhlanje. Ngokutsho ingcamango esisiseko kuphosakele ukuqonda uphuhliso yehlabathi lonke ngokwembono imbali Europe, nesabelo ixesha ubudala yamandulo, aphakathi kunye ezintsha. zaphawula isikali zobulungisa kwimveli akakwazi kakuhle ukuchaza ukuvela ukuyilwa yeenkcubeko ezininzi eMpuma.

Spengler, "Le Nqaba of Europe". Isishwankathelo yeentloko. Volume One

Ngoko nangoko emva kokupapashwa ncwadi kumangaliswa abanengqondo kawonke eJamani. Omnye lo msebenzi ezintsha kunye inkanuko enika indlela esixoxayo ezibalulekileyo kuphuhliso kwithiyori kwenkcubeko, nto leyo ziqulunqwe Oswald Spengler, - "The Nqaba of Europe". Isishwankathelo ithiyori, inxalenye Kwintshayelelo yombhali, phantse ngokupheleleyo swi lo mkhuba kwimbono imbali ngokwemiqathango morphology, oko kukuthi, ukuhamba kunye notshintsho.

"Nqaba yaseYurophu" iquka imiqulu emibini. Eyokuqala ubizwa ngokuba 'Form kunye Inyaniso "(or" Umfuziselo Inyaniso ") kwaye ibandakanya izahluko ezintandathu, nto leyo ebekwe iziseko thiyori Spengler. Isahluko sokuqala ijolise izibalo, amanani, kunye imbono njani ingqiqo imida kunye Infinity kuchaphazela kwimbono kwimbali nenkcubeko.

"Form and engokoqobo" hayi kuphela yakha isiseko uhlalutyo ebaluleke kakhulu isifundo mihla imbali, kodwa inikeza indlela entsha okuqonda. Ngokutsho Spengler, inkcubeko yamandulo kunye nembonakalo yawo lwenzululwazi nempembelelo "ngokwendalo" kwimbali. Ngenxa ulwazi zamandulo zamaGrike imithetho nemimiselo, eli bali liye laba inzululwazi, yintoni andivumi Spengler.

Sobulumko uyagxininisa ukuba imbali ebefanele ukuba ulithathile, "analog", oko kukuthi ingqalelo kungekhona oko sele edaliwe, kodwa okwenzekayo yaye zadalwa. Kungenxa yoko le nto math yabela indima ebalulekileyo emsebenzini. Spengler ukholelwa ukuba kokufika kombono imida kunye Infinity umntu waziva ukubaluleka imihla ecacileyo kunye nezakhiwo.

"Nqaba eWest", isishwankathelo izahluko. Volume ezimbini

1. Imbali kufuneka kubonwe morphologically.
2. inkcubeko yaseYurophu iye yasuswa ukusuka kwixesha zophuhliso (culture) ngexesha lokubola (Ukukhanya).

Yile kwaye kukho iingongoma ezimbini eziphambili, leyo emangalisiwe bexesha lakhe Oswald Spengler. "Nqaba of the West" (intshayelelo, isishwankathelo umsebenzi kunye namanqaku ezibalulekileyo kwizifundo zembali ekubhekiselelwe theses ngentla "yintloko yembombo" ithiyori Spengler ngayo) - le ncwadi wajika kakhulu ezingqondweni zobulumko.

Elesibini ubizwa ngokuba "Njani Ithemba kwimbali yehlabathi" (or "Imibono ngembali yehlabathi '); kuyo umbhali uchaza nzulu imfundiso yakhe kuphuhliso zeenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo.

Ngokutsho kwithiyori ngemvelaphi kunye nophuhliso yeenkcubeko, leyo yaqulunqa umbhali, ngalinye enqamleza umjikelo wayo ebomini efanayo ebomini bomntu. inkcubeko nganye ebuntwaneni, lokufikisa, ukukhula kunye ukubola. Ngalinye ubukho lizama msebenzi wayo.

Culture eliphezulu

Spengler abelwe izityalo ezinkulu 8:

• yiBhabheli;
• Egyptian;
• Indian;
• Chinese;
• ummi waseMelika okumndilili (izizwe Maya kunye Aztec);
• Classical (Greece neRoma);
• inkcubeko bemilingo (Arabic kunye nenkcubeko ebuYudeni);
• inkcubeko yaseYurophu.

In "Nqaba ye-West," izityalo ezintlanu zokuqala ziziphazamiso ipowusta, Spengler siqhutywa yokuba ezi iinkcubeko akukho ungquzulwano ngqo yaye ngoko ke akazange kuluchaphazela kusini na uphuhliso inkcubeko yaseYurophu, leyo, ngokucacileyo, ngowona mxholo zomsebenzi.

Spengler igxininisa inkcubeko bamandulo Arabhu, ngoxa zokuzoba efana kunye nenkcubeko yaseYurophu exabisekileyo, isizathu nomnqweno igunya.

Iimbono ezisisiseko kunye nesigama

Ukuntsonkotha ukufunda "Nqaba yaseNtshona" kukuba Spengler ayikho kuphela rhoqo kusetyenziswa amagama aqhelekileyo kwimeko eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo, kodwa wadala entsha, intsingiselo eseyiphantse nzima ukucacisa ingajongwanga imeko kwimbali bulumko ithiyori Spengler kaThixo.

Umzekelo, sobulumko isebenzisa iingqiqo kwezenkcubeko impucuko (emsebenzini kwezi kunye namanye amagama umbhali usoloko ubhala ngonobumba omkhulu), nokuchasanisa omnye nomnye. Ithiyori Spengler ayikho kuyahambisana, kwaye kwezinye izichasi elithile. Inkcubeko - ukukhula, uphuhliso, ndiyayigocagoca Goal kunye ephithikeziweyo, ngoxa Impucuko - ". Ukuphila ngaphandle ngemihla yokugqibela" ukuhla, ukuthotywa Impucuko - nto okuseleyo zeenkcubeko ukuba ulawulo phezulu ukuphumelela creative.

Nesinye isibini concepts ntonye-nokuchasanisa - yi "ntoni" kwaye "yintoni eyenzekayo". Kuba theory Spengler ngayo "abe" elilitye lembombo. Ngokwengcinga zalo ezisisiseko, ibali kufuneka bajolise hayi amanani, izibakala kunye nemithetho ezichaza oko kwenzekileyo, kwaye morphology, oko kukuthi, yintoni eyenzekayo ngalo mzuzu.

Pseudomorphs - igama elichaza Spengler ngokwaneleyo okanye "ukuhlala ikhondo" inkcubeko. Owona mzekelo okuphawuleka pseudomorphosis impucuko Russian, uphuhliso oluzimeleyo apho luphazamisekile kwaye itshintshwe ukuze kwinkcubeko lwaseYurophu, okokuqala "ezibekwe" yi uPetros I. Oku le uphazamiseko ezingathandekiyo yabo Spengler ucacisa ukungathandi abantu IsiRashiya ukuya 'abangaphandle "; Njengoko umzekelo kule ukungathandi umbhali sicaphula ukutshiswa eMoscow ngexesha kusengaphambili uNapoleon.

kuyo yonke imbali

postulate Spengler ezisisiseko yembali kukungabikho elimsulwa kunye obungunaphakade. Yintoni ebalulekileyo, oko lebyi nezingqinekayo kwinkcubeko omnye umntu kuba ububhanxa nithethe kwenye. Oku akuthethi ukuba inyaniso ecaleni kwenye ngamasiko; kunoko, ithi ukuba zonke izizwe inyaniso yayo.

Ukongeza nehronologicheskogo Indlela kwimbono yehlabathi, Spengler iye yakhuthaza ingcamango ngokubaluleka jikelele kwezinye iinkcubeko kunye nokungabikho impembelelo abanye zehlabathi. Kungenxa yoko le nto sobulumko isebenzisa ingqikelelo inkcubeko phezulu; limela inkcubeko eziphembelele ukukhula kwehlabathi.

Inkcubeko Impucuko

Ngokutsho kwithiyori Spengler ngayo inkcubeko ophezulu iba umzimba elahlukileyo kwaye luphawulwa ukuvuthwa efanayo, lo gama i "abangekaphuhli" luphawulwa wemvelo nomnqweno kuzithuthuzela esisiseko.

Impucuko sidlula ngaphandle element yokuba de facto "ukufa" lwenkcubeko, kodwa umbhali akayiboni ithuba ubhalo yokuphila ngonaphakade into, ngoko nempucuko - kuba babebona kunqandwa iyeka iinkcubeko ekhulayo. Nangona Culture iimpawu eziphambili - lokuqulunqa nokuphuhlisa inkqubo, Impucuko igxininisa kakuhle kumiselwa kwaye sele wadala.

Okunye ebalulekileyo Spengler ukuba amalungelo ka ezimbini kwezi meko ezi mega-mzi kwiphondo. Inkcubeko likhula 'emhlabeni' yaye ningafuni yonke idolophu encinane, sifunda ukuba isihlwele okanye phondo indlela yayo yokuphila kunye isantya lophuhliso, ekugqibeleni okumane isakhiwo unique nembali. Umzekelo olothusayo lobuninzi oku ukwanda Italy High Renaissance apho amanye amaziko enkcubeko eRoma, Florence kunye eVenice baba eyahlukileyo. Impucuko luphawulwa umnqweno ubunzima kunye "efanayo".

Izizwe nabantu

Zombini le mimiselo isetyenziswa yi Spengler iimeko, kunye nemilinganiselo zabo ezahlukileyo njengesiqhelo. Race kwi "Nqaba ye-West '- hayi eziphilayo kumiselwa luphawu olwahlula iintlobo zabantu, kodwa ukhetho abazi umntu ngexesha inkcubeko yalo. Ngenxa yoko, kweli nqanaba ukusekwa kunye nokukhula yendoda inkcubeko kudala ulwimi, ubugcisa nomculo, ukhetha iqabane kunye nendawo yokuhlala, ichaza konke okusehlabathini namhlanje ebizwa umahluko ngokobuhlanga. Ngoko ke, imfundiso lenkcubeko ngokohlanga yahlukile ukusuka ephucukile.

Le mbono "hlanga" Spengler akuthethi ukunxulumana kwesindululo, emzimbeni kunye nemida yezopolitiko kunye nolwimi. Xa imfundiso yakhe bulumko yabantu avela ubunye boMoya, edibanisa injongo eyodwa, nayo ebezingasukeli nzuzo. Le yayibaluleke kwi lokusekwa abantu emphakathini kunye imvelaphi, kunye ingqiqo lwangaphakathi womanyano, "wembali nomzuzu owayehlala umanyano."

A imvo uxolo Kwangaphambili

Uphuhliso Historical lwesakhiwo Culture nganye kuquka amanyathelo umyalelo - ukuzimisela sengqondo, kunye nolwazi iinjongo zayo weSihlo nokufezekisa bya. Ngokutsho Spengler, inkcubeko nganye Uyabubona ihlabathi eyahlukileyo kwaye lizibophelele injongo yayo. Injongo ukuzaliseka ikamva lakhe.

Ngokungafaniyo amaqashiso yabekwa kwiinkcubeko likumgangatho High ngokwabo ukumisela indlela yabo ngokusebenzisa uphuhliso kunye nokwakhiwa. Spengler ugqala bayahlelwa ukusasazeka yaseYurophu yehlabathi yokuziphatha kuzimele usithe umnqweno igunya, kunye nokungapheli.

Imali Power

Ngokutsho Spengler, idemokhrasi kunye nenkululeko zihlobene ukuba imali, nto leyo ukuqhuba amandla iphambili kuluntu simahla yaye impucuko enkulu. Spengler uyala ukubiza le sophuhliso igama elibi (urhwaphilizo, ukuthotywa, ukuphela), kuba ibona ekupheleni yendalo kwaye kukho imfuneko yenkululeko, yaye ngokufuthi Ukukhanya.

Sobulumko uthi imali engaphezulu iyafumaneka ngabanye, udlula ngokucacileyo ngakumbi imfazwe igunya, izixhobo leyo phantse yonke into - kwezopolitiko, ulwazi, inkululeko, amalungelo kunye neemfanelo, imigaqo ukulingana, kwakunye ideology, inkolo, kunye nothando.

Phezu kwako nje ukuthandwa ephantsi-bulumko mihla kunye nembali, indalo eziphambili Spengler kuphakamisa imibuzo phezu ezinye iingxoxo zakhe. Umbhali usebenzisa ulwazi lwakhe kakhulu kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ukunika waqiqa ngokugqibeleleyo ukuxhasa izimvo zabo.

Enoba yintoni ofuna ukufunda - nenguqulelo mfutshane yomsebenzi ehleliweyo "Nqaba yaseNtshona", isishwankathelo okanye amanqaku abalulekileyo malunga naye, indlela bame elizimeleyo umbhali ukutshintsha imbono yehlabathi kwimbali nenkcubeko akanako ukumshiya abafundi diki.