I-Second World War. KaSeptemba 1, 1939 - Septemba 2, 1945 ukuhlaselwa German of Poland ngoSeptemba 1, 1939

Kwimbali yehlabathi, loo nto ixela ukuba umhla kokuqala kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II - kaSeptemba 1, 1939, xa emkhosini German oniphethe ngesibetho ePoland. Isiphumo soku ibe umsebenzi wayo epheleleyo nokudliwa kummandla kwezinye States. Ngenxa yoko, iBritani neFransi wabhengeza kokungena kwawo emfazweni kunye eJamani, leyo iqale ukwakha i-anti-uHitler womanyano. Ngezi ntsuku, umlilo yaseYurophu nolu- kunye mandla akhe.

ukuziphindiselela ukoma empini

Kwakungamandla awayeqhuba ngayo le nkqubo ngxwaba eJamani banesifo yayikukuba ngokutsha imida baseYurophu, esekwe ngokungqinelana iSivumelwano Versailles ngowe-1919, yadityaniswa iziphumo ophela ngokusemthethweni nje kokuba imfazwe. Njengoko usazi, eJamani ngexesha iphulo ongaphumelelanga kuba uphulukene inani ilizwe elo kuye ekuqaleni. uloyiso kaHitler kunyulo ka-1933, ubukhulu becala ngenxa calls zakhe impindezelo zomkhosi nokubambelela kuyo yonke imimandla German nelinabemi baseJamani ngokobuzwe. ubuciko olunjalo ifumene khaxa nzulu ezintliziyweni labavoti, baza bamnika bayokuvota.

Phambi kokuba kubekho kuhlaselwa Poland (1 Septemba 1939), kwaye kanye kunyaka ngaphambili, Germany wenze Anschluss (nokudliwa) of Austria kunye nokudliwa kummandla Sudetenland yeCzechoslovakia. Ukufezekisa ezi zicwangciso, yaye ukuze bazikhusele ukungawi ePoland kunokwenzeka, uHitler awayewenze kunye nabo 1934 isivumelwano soxolo, kwaye kule minyaka mine izayo ukudala ngokubonakalayo imbonakalo ubuhlobo. Lo mfanekiso itshintshe kakhulu emva kokuba Sudetenland yaye inxalenye enkulu yeCzechoslovakia zaye ngenkani incamathele Reich. Ngelizwi entsha bayiphosa ilothe, nezifundiswa German ovunyiweyo kwikomkhulu Polish.

Germany uthi yaye lizama bachasane

Phambi kokuba kaSeptemba 1, 1939 ezinkulu German amabango indawo nxamnye Poland baba, okokuqala, ilizwe layo, omelene kuLwandle eBaltic kunye eyahlula iJamani evela East Prussia, yaye okwesibini, iDanzig (Gdansk), nto leyo nayo ngelo xesha ubume isixeko free. Kuzo zombini ezi meko, Reich kuzisukela kwezepolitiki kuphela, kodwa nje kwezoqoqosho. Kulo mba, uRhulumente Polish ine koxinzelelo esebenzayo evela oonozakuzaku German.

Xa emthonjeni Wehrmacht I wathabatha inxalenye yeCzechoslovakia, namanje egciniweyo inkululeko yayo, emva koko kwacaca ukuba kwisigaba esilandelayo iya kuba ku Poland. Ihlobo e iintetho eMoscow zaye zabanjwa oonozakuzaku kumazwe aliqela. umsebenzi wabo ukuze ukuphuhlisa amanyathelo okhuseleko yaseYurophu kunye nokudalwa imanyano xandzukela ndlongo waseJamani. Kodwa ke kwabunjwa ngenxa indawo Poland ngokwayo. Ukongeza, neenjongo ezintle bangabi umiselwe ukuba waqonda, kwaye nandzu nabanye abathathi-nxaxheba, iyileyo baqulunqa izicwangciso zabo.

Isiphumo soku yaba isivumelwano ngoku edume etyikitywe Molotov ne Ribbentrop. Olu xwebhu eziqinisekiswe uHitler ezingezo-ukungenela kwicala yiSoviet xa kuthe ndlongo, kwaye Fuehrer wanika umyalelo ekuqaleni impi.

Butho emfazweni kunye abequmbise kumda

Ahlasela i-Poland, iJamani waba luncedo kakhulu inani labasebenzi eentloko ezaxhobela zabo, kunye nezixhobo zabo zobugcisa. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ngeli xesha imikhosi yazo exhobileyo wababala amaqela asithoba anesibhozo, lo gama Poland Septemba 1, 1939 yokuba nje ezingamashumi amathathu anethoba. Plan ukuze athathe indawo Polish wazala igama ikhowudi "Weiss".

Ukuphumeza oku, umyalelo waseJamani kwakufuneka ibhaxa, kwaye ngokunxulumene Intelligence and Counterintelligence lwaqhutywa uthotho izithuko, onjongo yawo ityala kwenzeka imfazwe abantu Poland. Abasebenzi zesebe ekhethekileyo ye-SS, kwanabenzi bobubi abo, owathunywa evela kwiintolongo ezahlukeneyo German, ovethe iingubo ababengekho axhobe iimpahla Polish, uthotho zokuhlaselwa izibonelelo German ebekwe zonke ngaphaya komda.

Ukuqala kwemfazwe: kaSeptemba 1, 1939

wadala Yenjenje sihlandlo obukholisayo ngokwaneleyo, ukukhusela iimfanelo zalo wesizwe nxamnye nokungena ezivela ngaphandle. Germany yahlasela iPoland ngoSeptemba 1, 1939, yaye kungekudala emva United Kingdom kunye neFransi babe inxaxheba kwiziganeko. umgca phambi Land ibanga elinesithandathu ezilikhulu khilomitha, kodwa ngaphandle koko, amaJamani kusetyenziswa weenqanawa zabo.

Ukususela ngosuku lokuqala kwinqanaba lohlaselo le wempi German wavula umlilo phezu iDanzig, apho kukho inani elikhulu kwezixa ukudla bagxila. Esi sixeko saba kokoyiswa wokuqala bazisa Second World War amaJamani. KaSeptemba 1, 1939, kwaqala uhlaselo layo phezu komhlaba. Ekupheleni kosuku lokuqala kokuba isaziso ukudityaniswa iDanzig ukuya Empire.

Ayehlasela Poland kaSeptemba 1, 1939, kwenziwa zonke izibonelelo ziyisebenzise yomkhosi Empire. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba phantse ngaxeshanye zaye phantsi izixeko bombardment babuthana ezifana Wielun, Chojnice, Starogard kunye Bydgoszcz. Impukane Uninzi nawo Vilyun apho wafela ngaloo mini elinamakhulu amabini abemi, kunye asixhenxe anesihlanu ekhulwini zakhiwo batshatyalaliswa. Kwakhona evela iziqhushumbisi lwamaNazi kwabuchaphazela nezinye izixeko ezininzi.

Iziphumo kuqhambuka impi Germany

Ngokutsho isicwangciso ngaphambili qhinga, kaSeptemba 1, 1939 laqalisa umsebenzi ukuphelisa umoya Poland Aviation, ngokusekelwe kwi zokuchopha zomkhosi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zelo lizwe. La baseJamani negalelo phambili ngokukhawuleza imikhosi yayo komhlaba kunye namathuba abasweleyo izibonda redeploy amabutho ngololiwe, kwakunye ukugqiba yaqalwa ngaphambi vivo. Kukholelwa ukuba ngomhla wesithathu nempi Polish Air Force yatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo.

imikhosi yaseJamani liphuhlise ekhubekisayo ngokungqinelana nesicwangciso, "Blitz Krieg" - umbane imfazwe. KaSeptemba 1, 1939, bemthomalalisile ukuhlasela kwakhe inenkohliso, amaJamani phambili nzulu kweli lizwe, kodwa kwiindawo ezininzi ziye wadibana ukumelana komsindo obuphantsi kubo imikhosi leeyunithi Polish. Kodwa intsebenziswano kweeyunithi ezizimoto and transport ebavumela ukuba ziphumeze ngesibetho obukhulu. umzimba yabo phambili, wohlukane kweelana iiyunithi Polish, ndayihluthwa ithuba nabunye kunye nokudibana kunye Staff Jikelele.

Judasi namahlakani

Ukungqinelana esayiniweyo ngoMeyi 1939 sivumelwano, imikhosi eManyeneyo ukuba ukususela kwimihla yakudala bundlobongela German ngazo zonke iindlela ezikhoyo ukunceda imiqobo. Kodwa enyanisweni, yaba yinto eyahlukileyo. Izenzo ezi imikhosi emibini kamva ngokuba "imfazwe mbumbulu". Into yokuba ngosuku xa kukho kuhlaselwa Poland (1 Septemba 1939), iintloko mazwe omabini wathumela abasemagunyeni isiJamani mandikhethe ukuba ziphele eyaqala ngawo. Akukho amkele impendulo eyakhayo, imikhosi French bayiwelayo-7 Septemba umda German kummandla Saar.

Ngaphandle kokujongana abaphikisana, bona, nangona kunjalo, endaweni yokuba ziphuhlise ekhubekisayo ngakumbi, ingqalelo okuhle ngokwabo ukuba baqhubeke ukulwa waza waqalisa ukuba babuyele kwizikhundla zabo yokuqala. I IsiNgesi zona ngokubanzi aziphelelanga luqokelelo myalelo. Ngenxa yoko, Amanyeneyo nitshinizile wamngcatshayo Poland, eshiya ukuba bazibonele ngokwabo.

Ngelo xesha, abahlaziya kwafunyaniswa ukuba indlela aphoswe ithuba elikhethekileyo ukumisa ndlongo lwamaNazi kwaye ukuba asindise uluntu enkulu-isikali imfazwe ixesha elide. Enobugorha yayo yonke yomkhosi eJamani ngelo xesha akazange abe imikhosi ezaneleyo ukuze alwe imfazwe izimpi ezintathu. Ngokuba lo ukungcatshwa France neembila kunyaka ozayo, xa icala zwilakhe abaza kumatsha kwizitrato ikomkhulu yayo.

I kuqala ukulwa enkulu

Emva kweveki Warsaw yathotyelwa kokuvutha utshaba gagasi, yaye, enyanisweni, wonqanyulwa, angabikho iiyunithi main umkhosi. Yena ehlasela elinesithandathu Panzer Corps Wehrmacht. Ubunzima obukhulu, ukuba abavikeli isixeko nako ukumisa utshaba. Ukuziphendulela eyinkunzi, ukwandisa de-27 Septemba. Le ukuthula ezilandelayo kusindiswa kuyo ukutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo kunye engaphephekiyo. Kuba ixesha lonke owandulela amaJamani ziye kuthathwa amanyathelo angqongqo ukuze bambambe eWarsaw: imini enye kuphela-19 Septemba 5818 kusina zibhombu, oko kwabanga umonakalo elikhulu ezinqabileyo izakhiwo ezizodwa, singasathethi ke ebantwini.

impi enkulu ngaloo mihla kwenzeka phezu komlambo Fazura - omnye omlambo i-Vistula. umkhosi ezimbini Polish babulala ngesibetho elihlazo ukuba isenzeko aphezulu Warsaw 8 Division of the Wehrmacht. Ngenxa yoko, amaJamani kwanyanzeleka ukuba aye kwi ukuzithethelela, wafika kuphela awayihlangula kubo ukusekelwa zinika noludumileyo ebalulekileyo lwamanani, itshintshe edabini. umkhosi Polish engomelele imikhosi azo. abantu Malunga namashumi amathathu amawaka Kwathatyathwa ikhonkxwa, kuphela nje ezimbalwa likwazile ukufumana phandle i "epokothweni" kwaye atyhudise, abheke kwikomkhulu.

An esasingayilindelanga

Isicwangciso Uyalwa lusekelwe kwinkolelo yokuba UK kunye neFransi, enza uxanduva njengehlakani, ukuba athathe inxaxheba kwemfazwe. Bekucingelwa ukuba amajoni Polish, layohlala kumzantsi-ntshona weli lizwe, ayila bridgehead enamandla sokuzikhusela, lo gama i-Wehrmacht uza kunyanzeleka ukuba yinxalenye imikhosi kumanqanaba amatsha - ngokuba imfazwe kwi miba mibini. Kodwa ke ubomi wenza izilungiso kwayo.

Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa kamva imikhosi Red Army, ngokutsho protocol ezongezelelweyo imfihlelo isivumelwano non-ndlongo eSoviet-German, bangena kummandla Poland. Injongo ezisemthethweni lo msebenzi wenziwe ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko Belarusians, Ukraine amaYuda ahlala kwimimandla okwimpuma yeli lizwe. Noko ke, umphumo kanye ekuqalisweni kwe amajoni yaba ukulawula eSoviet Union eziliqela imimandla Polish.

Eqonda ukuba yalahleka imfazwe, umyalelo eliphezulu Polish silishiyile ilizwe, kunye nokulungelelaniswa ngakumbi izenzo olwenziwa eRomania, apho yafudukela ngokunqakraza umda ngokungekho mthethweni. Ngenxa akunakuphepheka kuhlaliwa ngayo ilizwe, iinkokeli Polish, wakhetha amajoni Soviet, wayalela abantu belizwe lakhe ukuba abanike uxhathiso. Leyo impazamo zabo ezenziwe ngenxa ngokungazi ukuba imiphumo bobabini kubachasi babo ziqhutywa isicwangciso pre-olulungelelanisiweyo.

Idabi yokugqibela enkulu zezibonda

amajoni Soviet kubaxa imeko sele amadlala zezibonda. Kweli xesha linzima, siye ehla ezimbini edabini lazo Mathanzima kwi amajoni isabelo abo ezibe ngenxa lonke ixesha liye laphela ukususela ngoSeptemba 1, 1939, xa iJamani yahlasela iPoland. Xa inani kubo zokulwa kuphela kubekwa phezu komlambo Fazura. Bobabini, kubekho isithuba seentsuku ezininzi, kwenzeka kufuphi nedolophu Tomaszow Lubelski, ezifakiweyo ngoku kweli phondo Lublin.

Izinti ukulwa mission ziquka imikhosi imikhosi emibini ukuba atyhudise njengomqobo waseJamani, uvimba indlela eya Lions. Ngenxa amadabi obude anegazi icala Polish ubunzima ilahleko enkulu, kunye mbanjwa amaJamani ezingaphezu kwama amabini amawaka amajoni Polish. Ngenxa yoko, Tadeusz Piskor wanyanzeleka ukuba ukubhengeza emuva phambili engundoqo ikhokelwa nguye.

Initiated Septemba 17 Idabi Tamashuvom Lubelski kungekudala kuqaliswe unamandla ahlaziyiweyo. Le seshoni yayizinyaswe amabutho Polish Northern Front, entshonalanga ndixinekile angaphathi umkhosi wesixhenxe waseJamani Jikelele Leonarda Vekera, kwaye ukusuka empumalanga - inxalenye Red Army, obambe amaJamani ngokubhekiselele kwisicwangciso enye. Kucacile ukuba buthathaka ilahleko yangaphambili evinjwa zonxibelelwano kunye nenkokheli wamajoni jikelele, izibonda engomelele amandla wokuhlaselwa namahlakani awo.

Ukuqala impi kunye nokusekwa kwamaqela nomakhwapheni

Ungadlulanga owe-27 Septemba Warsaw waba ngokupheleleyo ezandleni amaJamani, ngubani ilawulwa kwiindawo ezininzi yokuwela ngokupheleleyo kweelana iiyunithi yomkhosi. Noko ke, naxa wayexakeke lonke eli lizwe, umyalelo Polish ayikhange isayinwe isixhobo iindlela zokunikezela. Eli lizwe liye ngokubanzi ezifakwe movement yabanqolobi ekhokelwa amagosa omkhosi umsebenzi wakhe eziyimfuneko nolwazi kunye ukulwa namava. Ukongeza, nkqu ixesha ukumelana esebenzayo ukuya umyalelo amaNazi Polish ebekwe ukwakha umbutho olubanzi komhlaba ebizwa "i-Service woloyiso Poland kaThixo."

Iziphumo Invasion of Poland

Ayehlasela Poland kaSeptemba 1, 1939, yaphela boyise kunye namacandelo ezilandelayo. UHitler izicwangciso ekudalweni nemeko unodoli nemida ngaphakathi kwimida zobukumkani Poland, eyayiyinxalenye ukususela 1815 ukuya 1917 eRashiya. Kodwa Stalin eyayingafuni ukuba isicwangciso, njengoko waba iqela azinikele nayiphi na imfundo kawonke Polish.

ehlasela Germany ngayo ePoland ngo-1939 kwaye epheleleyo ukoyiswa elandelayo lokugqibela kwenza yiSoviet Union kuloo minyaka i njengehlakani eJamani, eqhotyoshelwe ngokwemida yalo kommandla 196.000 square metres. km kwaye ngenxa oku kwandisa labemi ngabantu 13 million. Kumda entsha wasahlula iindawo zokuhlala ezidibeneyo Ukraine Belarusians abasuka kwiindawo ezazifudula ihlalwa baseJamani.

Ethetha yokuhlaselwa German kwi ePoland ngoSeptemba 1939, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba ubunkokheli ndlongo waseJamani ilawulwa ewonke ukuphumeza izicwangciso zabo. Ngenxa yoko impi umda leMpuma Prussia bafudukela ukuya Warsaw. Inombolo umthetho 1939 amaphondo Polish elinabemi sabantu abangaphezulu kwezigidi ezilithoba kunye nesiqingatha yaba yinxalenye Wesithathu.

Ngokusemthethweni yalondolozwa kuphela inxalenye encinane kwimo yangaphambili, subordinated ku Berlin. ikomkhulu lalo Krakow. Ixesha elide (Septemba 1, 1939 - Septemba 2, 1945) Poland nethuba elingako ukuqhuba nayiphi na inkqubo ezimeleyo.