Uthixo zeziphiliso Ancient Greece: ezeMbali kunye namanqaku anika umdla

Le yamandulo uthixo lesiGrike yokuphilisa, UAsclepius waba. Iimeko yobomi bakhe baziwa ngenxa kwimithombo ezininzi nangqondo. Xa abenzi bemilingo yamandulo eGrisi kweli lizwe, kwakukho malunga nama-300 iintlafuno UAsclepius, apho ababingeleli ngayo ukuba abantu bakubo ngokusebenzisa iindlela anobugqi enokwehla.

unyana ka-Apollo

Kukho imibono eziliqela malunga ngemvelaphi UAsclepius. Ngokutsho yeyona ixhaphakileyo kubo, uthixo wokuphilisa wayengunyana ka-Apollo kunye Uphunguphungu Coronis. Eminye imithombo zithi unina Arsinoe, intombi ka Leucippus. Uphunguphungu Coronis ubethandwa Apollo, kodwa ukuba ukhulelwe nguThixo watshintsha kuye umntu ofayo Iskhiem. On Olympus wagqiba ukohlwaya zombini. Iskhiya itshiswe umphezulu. Izmenschitsa Coronis Apollo waxabela enye iintolo zalo elanga. Wandula ke wayitshisa Uphunguphungu, emva libamba usana kwasesizalweni. Oku uthixo wokuphilisa, UAsclepius.

Apollo wanika umfana yimfundo centaur Chiron. Yena eyahlukileyo kakhulu abaninzi abamelwane bayo. Phantse zonke Centaurs babesaziwa engenamithayi zabo, ubundlobongela, nokungabi nalo uthando abantu. Chiron Kwakhona wayesaziwa ngobubele bakhe nobulumko. Xa abatoli ngemfundo uthixo zamaGrike yokuphilisa, a centaur wayehlala Pelion - Mount emzantsi-mpuma eThessaly.

Education in Chiron

Nangona UAsclepius yaziwa ngokuba uthixo zeziphiliso Greece yamandulo, ekuzalweni lakhe akukho angaphaya. umxhasi wakhe Chiron waqalisa ukufundisa iyeza inkwenkwe, yaye kungekudala eye waphumelela ephawulekayo. Kwezinye indawo UAsclepius ubuchule bakhe ngaphezu nkqu centaur sisilumko. Waqalisa ukuya eGrisi yaye nokunyanga abantu, yaye abemi besiqithi Kos wade wafundisa ezinye izinto ezifihlakeleyo yakhe (ngakumbi kule kwi "Annals" UTacitus ukhankanya).

UAsclepius inkani kunye nezifo ezibulalayo. Ufunde ubugcisa bakhe, UAsclepius (uthixo zeziphiliso Greece yamandulo) bafunda ukuvuselela abantu. Ngenxa uncedo lwakhe kubantu eziqhelekileyo Greece baye bafumana ukungafi. Ihlebo ubuchule ezizodwa UAsclepius yaba ligazi Gorgon. Ugqirha bayifumana kwi isithixokazi imfazwe Athena. Pherecydes (omnye kakhulu ayeze isiGrike yamandulo Seven Sages) kwiincwadi zakhe wakhankanya ukuba UAsclepius wamvusa bonke abemi Ugcino, apho itempile Apollo yayimi uyise.

ukufa

Xa UAsclepius - uthixo wokuphilisa in Greek - waqalisa ukuphakamisa kakhulu efayo, amasiko akhe ukuba sabangela ingqumbo phakathi kwabanye oothixo. Ngubani owayehlala esesiphelweni zehlabathi Thanatos, owaba isimntwiso ukufa kwawesiGrike amaYuda, waya sokukhalaza malunga nto yenzekayo kundoqo Olympian kuZeyus. Uvuko waphula umyalelo yehlabathi. Ukuba ukungafi ezifunyenweyo, abantu abaqhelekileyo azisekho ezahlukeneyo ukusuka oothixo. Ekutshintsheni iziganeko akazange ayithande inkoliso Olympians. Koothixo lokufuna iimoto.

Emva abathile, uZeyus wagqiba ukohlwaya UAsclepius. Uthixo yamandulo wokuphiliswa ubethwe umphezulu iindudumo. Apollo, ekufundeni ukufa, unyana wakhe, waba lugcwabevu ngumsindo. Yena nako ukuziphindezela kaZeyus, oligorha, kwaye endaweni ehlasela cyclops zomgunyathi imibane for. Ngenxa yezi zilwanyana unaliso linye babulawa.

Kude kube ngoku UAsclepius waye kuseyinto ofayo. Ukusweleka umphezulu kaZeyus, weza imimoya nxi Moira. Kwagqitywa ixesha lokuzalwa kunye nokufa lomntu ngamnye. Emva kokufa UAsclepius, bagqiba ukusibuyisela ebomini. Ngoko ke uNyana ovusiweyo Apollo wayenguthixo. Kamva zobuntu buqu jikelele ilifa analogu lamaRoma UAsclepius - uthixo wamaRoma wokuphilisa zikaAesculapius.

Intonga ka UAsclepius

Kuyo nayiphi na oothixo neentsomi abakhusela yamayeza ane- nemifanekiso yazo lula ukuluqonda. Kule mqondiso UAsclepius ndaba intonga yakhe entwined kunye yinyoka. Ukususela amaGrike amandulo ngale ndlela wadlulela kwabaseRoma, waza wayitwabulula kuninzi lasisiseko senkcubeko yoluntu. Namhlanje, ibe ingumsimelelo UAsclepius - isimboli zonyango ngamazwe.

Imbali yawo singqamene zeemposiso malunga uthixo wokuphilisa. Ngokutsho legend, UAsclepius weza eKrete ukuba avuse unyana kaKumkani uMinos odumileyo. Behamba endleleni, waya phezu yinyoka. abasebenzi yezilwanyana obvilo, kunye UAsclepius, ngaphandle siyathingaza owesibini, ndayibulala. Ngoko nangoko kwabakho inyoka yesibini utyani emlonyeni, ngalo yena ngokungummangaliso kuvuswa kuqala. Zimangele Asklepiyi waqalisa ukufuna unyango ummangaliso, yaye emva kwethutyana bamfumana. Ukususela ngoko, uthixo wokuphilisa ukusuka amaGrike amandulo ebezisoloko esandleni ichiza eyenziwe imifuno Cretan. Intonga ka UAsclepius ngokwemveli uchazwa njengenyoka entwined ngeentonga somthi.

Xa yesilungu, impembelelo kwiintsomi zamaGrike, kwabonakala nje ngohlobo yeesimboli graphic. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo kwesigama lonyango imiliselwe ephathelele bamandulo zamaGrike. Imvelaphi iindlela zonyango zemveli yokuqala ukuvela kwi iincwadi ezibhaliweyo kule ulwimi yamandulo. Okubaluleke ngakumbi amayeza namhlanje International Latin, kodwa inkoliso yolwazi lwakhe amaRoma sanyanzeleka nje kwanamaGrike.

ihlelo

Njengazo naziphi na ezinye yehlelo isiGrike, ukunqulwa UAsclepius yayithandwa ingakumbi kummandla othile kwelo lizwe. Ngenzondelelo inkulu njengothixo waqubuda kwi lokho - isixeko ise-mpuma ePeloponnese. Namhlanje, endaweni yaqhubeka kuphela emanxuweni yeqonga yamandulo, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, iintlafuno UAsclepius. Kukho kwakhona echibini lokuqubha kunye ephilisa amanzi thermal. Baye uzimele etempileni emqolombeni, ukwakhiwa BC ngenkulungwane V. e. umyili Poliklet odumileyo Younger. Sanctuary of Asklepios ayeba kwisayithi nelamaxandeka izimbiwa kunye nooAshera air ngemisipres salubrious. Xa bemba kumabhodlo lwemihlathi lokho afunyanwa kwi amatye kwakukrolwe inkcazelo mnandi bayiphilise imilwelwe. Ukongeza, engcweleni ubonakele izaliswe nezinto ezinqabileyo - eyenziwe ngegolide, isiliva, naziiperile imifanekiso yamalungu omzimba waphilisa (izandla, iinyawo, iintliziyo, amehlo neendlebe). Bona elimele itempile yentlawulo ngeenkonzo.

UAsclepius engcwele khona ngokungqinelana imithetho egumbini engcwele. Umzekelo, ukuba nako ukufa. Ngenxa yoku, abagulayo (nokuba wafika kwelinye icala lelo lizwe) etempileni ayivumelekanga. Ukuba akukho ilungelo ukungena kunye noomama. Ababingeleli UAsclepius zilawulwa yimigaqo engqongqo. Kubo, unyango kwakungekho nkonzo zonyango, kodwa mandithi sisithethe yonqulo, imithetho leyo iye yaqulunqwa umkhuba echazwe ngqongqo eziphefumlelweyo. Ingakumbi, le migaqo emiselweyo ngaphandle engcweleni yonke into enxulumene ukuzalwa nokufa. Enye into ebalulekileyo kwendlu UAsclepius - ukuthotyelwa squeaky uhlambulukile. Yonke ungumsebenzi kufuneka kuqala yahlanjwa umthombo.

Lendawo yokuqala imbeko UAsclepius, asklepeydony, uvele Greece kwiinkulungwane VI-IV. BC. e. Ngaphandle lokho kunye Kos, iziko wamayeza kananjalo Thessalian Trikka. Yonke imithombo ababhali bamandulo, ababhali-mbali baye bafumana ubungqina zonqulo ezingaphezu kwe-300 ka UAsclepius, saa kulo lonke Greece yamandulo. Xa kuthelekiswa izibonelelo zonyango mihla, baba Spa xaxa kunokuba ezibhedlele. Kwiitempile zidityanisiwe iindlela zombini umlingo kunye nezehlabathi zonyango. Xa amayeza yamandulo yamaGrike, ezi zikolo zibini Akanangxaki omnye komnye. Umzekelo, ukuba itempile Asklepios wavuka ngakumbi kakhulu ugula, ababingeleli ababa abonisane kunye naleyo yamaziko angabalingane bawo wempangelo, musa ukusebenza ezingcwele.

ababingeleli

Uthixo yamandulo amayeza kunye wokuphilisa ababingeleli zalo, ithatha izigulane bakhaya. Ukuphiliswa kuye abantu bephuma kulo lonke eGrisi. Health yamandulo kwanamaGrike ezinxulumene nemidlalo, ngokunjalo zonke lokho efanayo idume bala wayo, zada ukhuphiswano zanikezelwa UAsclepius. Kukwakho uyitempile intombi yakhe Hygieia, Aphrodite, uArtemis Themis. Zamandulo unyango kunye imibingelelo zezilwanyana (ikakhulu eyindoda), ngoko uphawu olusisinyanzelo nayiphi na lengcwele isibingelelo esikhulu.

UThixo umelwe nehlelo impiliso yakhe ehlabathini BC ngenkulungwane VII. e. Ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba lo mlinganiswa wentsomi kwakusithiwa prototype ekhoyo - baba edume ngexesha kaTrojan, ugqirha kunye ngqo igama elifanayo - UAsclepius. Ngaphezu koko, waba naye ukumkani eThessaly, kwakunye umdali yesikolo losapho zonyango.

Imfundo lonyango zamaGrike ukuba ezinye iimpawu okudibeneyo kule mihla. Archeologists kunye mbali babonisa ukuba isikolo unyango lokwenene kwenzeka ePergamo, yaye ku Kos. Ukuze sikhonze etempileni wavumela wamnika isifungo engcwele ukuba bazibandakanye noluntu Asclepiadae. Kuba okokuqala kwexesha kwabonakala kwiincwadi zamandulo zamaGrike kwi BC ngenkulungwane VI. e.

amayeza Ancient

Baphiliswe kwiitempile ezidibeneyo umlingo kunye neendlela enokwehla. Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo unyango baba iziyobisi, imithombo yamanzi kunye imithambo yomzimba. Isiko wokuphilisa engcwele ixesha bafukanywe ophele isiko, eyayiqhutyelwa igalari elide ecaleni ezindongeni zendlu, apho kwakukho kunokwenzeka kuphela ngemvume ekhethekileyo. Ababingeleli usebenzisa iziyobisi kunye nobuchule ngomlingo elawulwa kwisigulana kwimo bubuthongo ngumntu. Eli siko ke yabhiyozelwa ukwenza oxwlwa (lo mkhuba iinyokana ezingcwele okanye yena uThixo).

Ngo-430 BC. e. Greece yahlaselwa sisibetho eyoyikekayo, leyo owabulala amawaka abantu. amayeza emveli namandla nxamnye bhubhane, ngoko ke, abemi baba ngakumbi nangakumbi ukuba sinikele ingqalelo kuzo zonke iintlobo izenzo zobugqi. Ngelo xesha linye inyoka engcwele UAsclepius ukusuka lokho wafuduselwa eAthene, apho Acropolis ndikwakhele ipomakazi entsha. Ukunqulwa uthixo wokuphilisa kwakhanya ngamandla ibonwe. izithethe zonqulo zamtyabeka kubabingeleli UAsclepius inzuzo enkulu. iitempile bakaThixo bamandulo yahlukile ukuqhama okumangalisayo yomhombiso wakhe.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba asingawo onke amaGrike ngayo bafukanywe kunye nezi ababingeleli ngentlonelo yonqulo. Xa odumileyo "Plutus" comedy (388 BC. E.) Ngu Aristophanes isixelela yokuphoxeka ezininzi ukrakra ukusebenza bubuthongo isiko magic.

Beka UAsclepius e oothixo yamandulo Greek

umfanekiso eziziintsomi UAsclepius, nazo zonke iimpawu zayo luphawu na ezinye iingcambu. uthixo Greek yokuphilisa unxulunyaniswa chthonic inyoka-okuphilisayo. Mandulo, esi isilwanyana wayesoyikwa njengophawu lovuselelo, ubulumko namandla emvelo.

Elinye icala umfanekiso UAsclepius - kokwabo isizukulwana oothixo abantwana (abalinganiswa) abaye awusebenzisileyo phezu ukusekwa umyalelo elitsha ihlabathi. Igqirha bafunda ukuvusa abafileyo, ngoko besaphula intsalela jikelele. Imithetho esekwe yi-Olympians, zaba phantsi kogrogriso, yaye loo nto ihlawulwe UAsclepius. Uthixo okuphilisa Isiphelo sakhe kufana namanye amaqhawe bavukele abazali babo-onamandla onke.

Wonke nothixo oothixo ebengumGrike, "efama." Zakhe Nangona linxulunyaniswa ukwenza amayeza, UAsclepius, ezinye iimpawu eqhelekileyo kwezinye Olympians. udade Apollo yaba uArtemis kungekuphela yinkosikazi kwezilwanyana kunye patroness kwe ezingela, waye waqubuda kwakhona nomkhuseli amabhinqa akhulelweyo, abantwana kunye nyulu ababhinqileyo. Unkosikazi kaZeyus, zekhompyutha abayinyamekelayo somtshato kunye nempilo-ntle yentsapho. Nge malunga efanayo ezidityanisiweyo Hestia - isithixokazi obuselukhambeni, ulonwabo kunye nempilo. Akunakwenzeka ukuba ukukhumbula Hypnos. Le uthixo, owayehlala ekupheleni kwehlabathi, walandela ngokupheleleyo nobunempilo abantu ubuthongo.

Family kunye nenzala

Ngokutsho legend, UAsclepius watshata Epione, intombi umlawuli kwisiqithi Kos Meropsa. Kumaxesha amandulo le ndawo iye kwelinye lamaziko ezibalulekileyo amayeza yamandulo.

In UAsclepius wayenabantwana eziliqela, nabo baba ngabo ezaziwayo-kakuhle ezingenamandla ze kwiintsomi zamaGrike. Uthixo wokuphilisa wayenguyise Machaon - ugqirha odumileyo kunye ugqirha. Kukholelwa ukuba wada inxaxheba kaTrojan Imfazwe bezitsalele elunxwemeni izikhitshana-20. Yiswallowtail nje kuphela balwa kwicala yamaGrike (Achaeans), kodwa kwakhona mabaphathwe bancwine abahlatyiweyo. Ugqirha wanceda Philoctetes odumileyo Umtyedi ulunywe yinyoka enobuhlungu. Isilonda ezoyikekayo, ukususela imilenze oozed ubofu. BaseSamariya Troy, elingumthombo, bonke ababa bawuthimbe loo mzi. Ba efunwa ngabantu ulwalathiso yakho. Ngoko oothixo Greek wamhlangula. Apollo kwafaka isikhupheli seTrojan beach ephupheni zobugqi, kunye nomzukulwana wakhe yiswallowtail owawusebenza Philoctetes. Kamva agqitywayo yaseParan wabulawa kwaye Paris Elucweyweni namaqabane akhe eziselelwe ihashe isikhupheli seTrojan ngalo Achaeans nangoku wasithimba isixeko soyiswe. Ekubeni ukugcwalisa eziphilayo Karla Linneya usapho eqhelekileyo igama yiswallowtail amabhabhathane bayifumana imbeko unyana wakhe UAsclepius.

Intombi enkulu uthixo wokuphilisa Hygieia - isithixokazi zempilo. AmaGrike achazwe naye njengoba intokazi ekondleni inyoka evela isitya. Egameni yokuziqeqesha yenzululwazi ekuthiwa Hygieia nococeko. Ukongeza, iisimboli indebe nenyoka baba iimpawu ngamazwe amayeza kunye nevenkile yamayeza. isitya Hygieia zingafunyanwa kulo naliphi na ivenkile iziyobisi kunye esibhedlele. Njengoko uthixo yamandulo yesiGrike yokuphilisa, inxulunyaniswa inyoka - isidalwa yemveli chthonic of kwiintsomi zamaGrike. isitya Hygieia kwakhona Kwazeka oko kubo umlungu kwinkulungwane XVIII emva kwexesha, xa Uphawu oqingqiweyo kwi ingqekembe nezikhumbuzo, umthengi lowo Society izindawo of Pharmacy.

intombi elandelayo UAsclepius - Panakeya, elisuke laba isimntwiso yokuphilisa. Xa igama lakhe kuthiwa ilikhubalo - unyango edume nasiphi na isifo. Inzala kwi chudodeystvuyuschemu iziyobisi kwakhona wavuka kumaXesha Aphakathi. bamachiza yaseYurophu ngelo xesha kusetyenziswa imithombo yamandulo, ukuzama nokulungelelanisa lokugonya engaziwayo. A unyango ukuze kungabikho namnye ndiyifumene, kodwa Izaci igcinwe. Okunye intombi kangako ezaziwayo-kakuhle ezingenamandla ze UAsclepius - Iaso, Agleya, Meditrina kunye ngengcinga engundoqo. Bonke bephela baqeqeshiwe ubugcisa yokuphilisa uyise sisilumko.

Uthixo yokuphilisa kwiintsomi ZesiGrike ingqalelo kumntu elikude oogqirha abaninzi odumileyo yamandulo, ubukho ogama kubhaliwe kumaxwebhu. NoHippocrates wayeyinzala UAsclepius (wazalwa ngomhla Kos ngo-460 BC. E.), Kwaye nkqu uAristotle (uyise wayesebenza njengogqirha kwinkundla kakumkani Macedonian).

zikaAesculapius

Ngo-293 BC. e. e Rome, ukugqabhuka sibetho. Abantu bafa ngamakhulu, nakwabanegunya lomzi akunanto yakwenza amashwa eyoyikekayo zendalo. Ke zo baseRoma bacetyiswa ukuba ukwakha phezu kweenxweme iTiber ingcwele uthixo yamandulo yesiGrike UAsclepius yokuphilisa.

I lokho uye laseMelika yinzwakazi. AmaRoma ikwazile ukufumana ulwimi okudibeneyo kubabingeleli oothixo yamandulo. Xa abamenyiweyo babuyela umkhumbi wabo, kwafika kwitempile yinyoka engcwele - iisimboli kunye isimntwiso of UAsclepius. Yezilwanyana sahlala phezu indawo ngaphakathi Rome iTiber Island encinane (Isola Tiberina). Ngo-291 BC. e. kule isiqwenga somhlaba yakhiwa yaye behlambulula indlu UAsclepius. Uthixo yokuphilisa kwiintsomi njengamaRoma igama zikaAesculapius. Ixesha lokuqala ababingeleli bakhe eRoma amaGrike. Njengabo thixo bambi ezininzi yonk weSixeko unguNaphakade, Aesculap iye ibolekwe iimpawu ezininzi owayephambi yayo Greek. Ngokomzekelo, idini nje wazisa ngumqhagi. Uthixo zeziphiliso amaRoma lanele kuthandwa ethile phakathi kwabantu. yehlelo lakhe yaphela enye yokugqibela emva kokuba zokwamkelwa ubuKristu uBukhosi baseRoma.