Akhwifa. Ubunzulu kwe-akhwifa

Emiseleni okanye lé - i maleko ezimbalwa elulwalweni ukuba permeability phezulu. pores zabo, amathanda okanye ezinye imigodi azele komhlaba.

imiba ngokubanzi

angenwa lulwelo abaliqela ukuze zenze inkqubo akhwifa, ukuba ezihambelanayo hydraulically. Isetyenziselwe ubonelelo lwamanzi ehlathini, lokunkcenkceshela zokukhulisa izityalo xa umsebenzi yezoqoqosho. Xa uphuma kumphezulu, inokuba ngumthombo zokuxinana kwamanzi intsimi. Oku negalelo ukuyilwa amadobo aphantsi kunye zotshintsho.

permeability

I-akhwifa luphawulwa permeability zeengxondorha yingxonde. permeability Water kuxhomekeke kubungakanani kunye nenani iintanda oqhagamshelwano phakathi, pores, kwakunye ezibekwe zimise zeengxondorha. Ubunzulu-akhwifa zibe zohlukile m 4.2 ( "ngcu") kwaye ukuya kutsho malunga ne30-50 m (amanzi nokususa).

Nasemaweni kakuhle akubonakali zezi:

• leke;
• amatshe;
• wesanti erhabaxa;
• kakhulu rocks obonakaliswa karst.

yintshukumo yamanzi

Izizathu ukuhamba kwamanzi pores ingaba ezininzi:

• amandla, benokundileka
• entloko ngamanzi;
• amandla capillary;
• imikhosi capillary-osmotic;
• amandla adsorption;
• lobushushu ithambeka.

Kuxhomekeka isakhiwo zejoloji yamawa akhwifa kunokuba isotropic ngokunxulumene ukuhluza, okt. E. Permeability kuyo nayiphi na kwicala elinye. Rocks kunokuba anisotropic, meko leyo ke luphawulwa lutshintsho efanayo kwi permeability kuwo onke amacala.

Ubunzulu ezingaphansi kummandla eMoscow

Kuyo yonke indawo yommandla eMoscow komhlaba kubunzulu lamanzi yahluka, ngoko ukuze kube lula wayo yohlulwe kwimimandla nemin. Kukho iindawo ezininzi ngamanzi-ndingazali;

• ndawo Southern. Inqanaba lamanzi inokuba kwi m kuluhlu 10-70. Ubunzulu amaqula kule ndawo isusela ku-40 m ukuya kwi-120 m.
• ummandla South-ntshona. esifaneleyo amanzi intaphane ezahlukeneyo. Ubunzulu-avareji yemithombo yi m-50.
• District Central. Yeyona ndawo inkulu isikwere. Yena, ke, yahlulahlulwe ezinkulu amaNcinane. Ebubanzini avareji kolundi yi-30 m. Amanzi apha carbonate, carbonate-sulphate.
• empumalanga. Ubunzulu-akhwifa kule ndawo kweemitha 20-50. Amanzi, sigcine, ngamandla nzima, ngoko ke amanzi Asinakusebenziseka.
• kwisithili Klin-Dmitrov. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ezimbini carbonate eliphezulu kolundi: Gzhel kunye Kasimovsky.
• District iVolga. Ubunzulu-avareji ye-akhwifa le-25 eemitha.

Le inkcazo jikelele ndawo. Uphando eneenkcukacha angenwa lulwelo, aphathwe amanzi makeup umaleko, amandla ayo, bomyinge wamanzi ethile, loxinano kwenze kunye like. D.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba hydrogeology ka Region Moscow yabela inkqubo akhwifa mnye, lwahlulwe lwaba ezintle ezininzi iidipozithi amalahle Paleozoic:

• Podolsko myachkovskogo carbon layer eliphakathi;
• Serpukhovskoy akwifa Oka namaqonga asezantsi carbon;
• Kashirsky Aquifer carbon aphakamileyo;
• Kasimovsky Umaleko carbon eliphezulu;
• Gzhel carbon emiseleni eliphezulu.

Ezinye ezingaphansi ephantsi Ukwanda amanzi kunye nomxholo eliphezulu ezimbiwa, ngoko ke ayifanelekanga ukuba isetyenziselwe imisebenzi yabantu.

Aquifer Serpukhovskoy Oka kunye namaqonga asezantsi carbon ngaba inobunzima isalamane ubuninzi kwezinye akhwifa - 60-70 eemitha.

EMoscow-Podolsky akhwifa linokufikelela kutsho kuma-45 ngo-nzulu mitha, amandla ayo umlinganiselo ulingana-25 eemitha.

Indlela ukufumanisa ubunzulu akhwifa

akhwifa Sandy - .. Igama enemiqathango, ithetha ukuba kolundi kusenokuquka igrabile, isanti, ugalelwe luhlalu. Yiba kakhulu amatye nesanti amandla ezahlukeneyo, ubunzulu kwabo nazo azifani.

Ukuba sicinga hydrogeology yommandla eMoscow kunye neendawo ezikufutshane, singatsho kakuhle ukuba amanzi ingafumaneka phantsi komhlaba kubunzulu yeemitha 3-5, kuxhomekeka kwindawo ephakamileyo enxulumene kwindawo wafundela. Ubunzulu-akhwifa kwakhona ixhomekeke izinto ezinamanzi ze ezikufutshane: lomlambo, ichibi, nomgxobhozo.

Kufutshane esibekwa kumphezulu ubizwa ngokuba "ngcu". ukusetyenziswa kwalo amanzi akukhuthazwa kwi ukutya, t. K. Amandla kwale maleko kungenxa kwemvula, zavuleka, ikhephu, njalo-njalo. G., Ngoko ke apha lula ukufumana ukungcola eziyingozi. Noko ke, amanzi "ngcu" zisetyenziswa indlu, ubize nokuba "inkqubo yamanzi".

amanzi Good yabonakala enze nobunzulu 8-10 leemitha ngaphantsi emhlabeni. Kubunzulu yeemitha-30 indawo ebizwa ngokuba "amanzi bezimbiwa", ngenxa yokuba kuveliswe ukwakhiwa zamaqula.

Ukuze ubone ubukho kunye nobunzulu akhwifa eliphezulu kulula kakhulu. Kukho iindlela ezininzi ezithandwayo: ngokusebenzisa ngentonga okanye isakhelo yesinyithi, usebenzisa i Imbiza yodongwe, indlela lokugcina izityalo ezikhula phezu ntsimi.