Iron Age. imbali yakudala

Ngobuninzi iimfihlakalo efihliweyo kwimbali yehlabathi, kwaye ushiye Abaphandi bathemba ukuba ufumane into entsha nezibakala ezaziwayo. Ihlelo okungaqhelekanga nesandi mathuba xa uqonda ukuba kanye olufanayo imihlaba sihamba namhlanje, Dinosaurs likho, walwela amaqhawe wahlala endulo abantu. World kwimbali isiseko periodization amlalise phantsi ezimbini izimiso olufanelekileyo uphuhliso lwabasebenzi uhlanga - izinto ekuveliseni izixhobo iimveliso nobuchwepheshe. Ngokuhambelana kunye nale migaqo, ingqiqo ka "Stone Age", "Bronze Age", i "intsimbi" ubudala. Nganye kwezi periodization yaba linyathelo kuphuhliso loluntu, omnye umjikelo yokuzivelela kunye nolwazi samakhono abantu. Kakade ke, ukuba khange ngokupheleleyo nje mathuba kwimbali. Ukususela ekuqaleni yamandulo, kwaye kule mini kukho nokuhlaziya rhoqo ulwazi kunye nokuphuhliswa kweendlela ezintsha ukuvelisa izinto eziluncedo.

imbali World kunye ixesha lokuqala ixesha uthandana iindlela

isixhobo steel Science kwixesha ukuthandana ekhefu. Ngokukodwa, singakwazi ukunciphisa Radiocarbon Ukuhlaziya zomhlaba, dendrochronology. Uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo Indoda yakudala eye wavumela ukuba ukuphucula ubugcisa ezikhoyo. Malunga 5000 Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, xa yaqala umbhalo isithuba kwimbali yoluntu, nayiphi na enye ezifuneka ukuthandana, eyayisekelwe kubukho iindidi ngeendidi States nempucuko. Tentatively bakholelwa ukuba ixesha Ukuqhela umntu ehlabathini isilwanyana malunga nezigidi ezibini kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, kude ukuwa Western Roman Empire, owenzeka ngo 476 AD, ixesha waya Antiquities. Phambi kokuba ekuqaleni Renaissance yaba kumaXesha Aphakathi. De kube sekupheleni leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi lathatha ngexesha amabali amatsha, yaye ngoku lixesha lokuba entsha. Ababhali-mbali ezahlukeneyo amaxesha babeka "ivela" zabo isakhelo of reference, umzekelo, UHerodotus wabanika ingqalelo eyodwa ekulweni Asia naseYurophu. Izazinzulu kamva xesha ingqalelo isiganeko enkulu kuphuhliso imvume impucuko yamaRoma Republic. mbali abaninzi bayavuma kwi vekeleke zabo ukuba Iron Age inkcubeko kunye nobugcisa zexabiso elikhulu babengekho, njengokuba kwindawo yokuqala zeza nezixhobo zemfazwe kunye nabasebenzi.

IMVELAPHI metal era

Xa prehistory wabalaselisa ubudala yamatye, equka i-Paleolithic, Mesolithic kunye Neolithic. Ngalinye lamathuba esiphawuliweyo ngokuthi kuphuhliswe indoda yakhe ezintsha unyango samatye. Ekuqaleni, lo imipu kunayo isandla-izembe. Kamva, kwakukho izinto izixhobo amatye, hayi lonke eziguqula. Ngeli xesha, uphuhliso komlilo, ukudalwa impahla yokuqala ezenziwe ngezikhumba zezilwanyana, le amahlelo yokuqala zonqulo kunye nokuphuculwa izindlu. Ngexesha abantu semi-ephila nokuzingela ubomi izilwanyana ezinkulu 'ifuna izixhobo ngakumbi ngcono. Kukhutshwe inqanaba lophuhliso zobugcisa processing ilitye weza Ekuveleni kwiwaka kunye nesiphelo Stone Age, xa ukusasazeka kwezolimo kunye nezilwanyana abantwana, kukho imveliso ceramic. Xa ixesha bobhedu ezimbiwa zasetyenziswa kunye nokusebenza kwayo. Ukuqala i-Iron Age usibekile ukusebenza ngaphambili kwixesha elizayo. Ukufunda iimpawu zesinyithi gqolo kwakhokelela ekubeni ukufunyanwa ngobhedu kunye nokusasazwa kwalo. Ubudala ilitye, ubhedu, intsimbi - yinkqubo iyavisisana yophuhliso lwabasebenzi, ngokusekelwe iintshukumo inyambalala yabantu.

Okwenziweyo data kwi ngexesha sexesha

Ukusasazwa intsimbi libhekisela iklasi abangekaphuhli nasekuqaleni imbali yoluntu. Yeempawu yethuba la iintsingiselo kwishishini kunye nokuveliswa kwezixhobo. Nokuba kwihlabathi lamandulo ukwenza ingcinga ukuhlelwa amaphakade ngokuvumelana eziphathekayo. Early Iron Age bafunda kwaye uqhubeka ukufunda, izazinzulu kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. E Western Yurophu, imibhalo voluminous wakhululwa
Gornesom, Montelius, Tischler, Reinecke, Kostshevskim, etc ... In eMpuma Yurophu iincwadi zezifundo ezifanelekileyo, monographs kunye neemephu yembali yamandulo ihlabathi yavelisa Gorodtsov, Spitsin, Gautier, Tretyakov, Smirnov, Artamonov, Grakov. Kudla ingqalelo ukwanda yesinyithi uphawu isiko abangekaphuhli izizwe ababehlala ngaphandle yempucuko. Enyanisweni, lonke eli lizwe ngeli xesha abasindayo Iron Age. I Bronze Age kule meko yaba yimfuneko. Akazange ukubamba ixesha ezingaka kwimbali. Ngokulandelelana, ixesha Iron Age ithatha 9 ukuya BC kwinkulungwane 7. Ngeli xesha, izizwe ezininzi Europe kunye Asia kukushenxisa ukuba ziqulunqe yokunyibilikisa isinyithi aso. Ekubeni olu uhlala umbandela ebaluleke kakhulu kwimveliso ukho yaye yinxalenye yale nkulungwane.

period Culture

Development zemveliso kunye nokuhanjiswa yentsimbi enengqondo kwakhokelela maxesha ngenkcubeko wobomi ekuhlaleni. iimeko apho noqoqosho ubudlelwane ukusebenza kunye sokonakalisa ngendlela yezizwe yobomi. imbali yamandulo ithi amaxabiso ulwandiso, ukukhula ukungalingani kwengeniso kunye nokwabelana obuza kulinceda amaqela. Kabanzi iinqaba, waqalisa ukuyilwa uluntu yeklasi kunye norhulumente. Okuninzi imali ukuba yabucala ubunini ngabambalwa, kwakukho yobukhoboka ezithile ngokwezinga kuluntu uqhubele phambili.

Njengoko kwaba kwi-USSR ubudala esityhidiweyo?

Ekupheleni kwale BC kwewaka lesibini kwi kummandla Union wabonakala intsimbi. Phakathi kwiindawo ezininzi mandulo yophuhliso onokubonwa entshona Georgia neCaucasus South. zesikhumbuzo Early Iron Age ezisagcinwe emazantsi eYurophu ye-USSR. Kodwa ukuthandwa yokunyibilikisa isinyithi ubunzima bafika apha BC nkulungwane yokuqala, njengoko oku kungqinwe inani nezinto zakudala zakudala ukusuka yeBronzi Age eCaucasus, izinto lenkcubeko North Caucasus noLwandle Black, kunye nabanye. Ekwenzeni kumbiwa zokuhlala zamaSkitiya sele baye bafumana ezikhumbuzo gqitha okuqala Iron Age. Ifumana senziwe zokuhlala Kamenka kufuphi Nikopol.

Imbali izinto e Kazakhstan

Ngokwembali, i-Iron Age yahlulwe izihlandlo ezibini. Oku kudala, eyathatha ukusuka 8 ukuya kwele-3 BC, yaye kamva, eyathatha ukususela 3 BC ekhulwini AD ngenkulungwane yesi-6. Ilizwe ngalinye lineCandelo imbali yayo ngexesha ukusasazeka yesinyithi, kodwa iimpawu zale nkqubo zixhomekeke kakhulu kwi mmandla. Ngenxa yoko, i-Iron Age kummandla Kazakhstan yabalasela eziqhubekayo kwiinkalo ezintathu eziphambili. E Southern Kazakhstan iinkomo eziqhelekileyo kunye nezolimo lonkcenkceshelo. iimeko zemozulu e Western Kazakhstan akazange alindele emisebenzi kwezolimo. Kwaye ke North, East neCentral Kazakhstan kwakuhlala abantu, malilungiselelwe zasebusika. Ezi kwimimandla emithathu, ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo ngokwemimiselo yokuhlala, yaba isiseko ekudalweni zhuzes ezintathu Kazakh. Southern Kazakhstan uye waba yindawo yemfundo Elder Juz. North yomhlaba, East neCentral Kazakhstan waba ngasezibukweni kuMbindi Juz. West Kazakhstan i Junior mkhosi.

I-Iron Age e Central Kazakhstan

emaqeleni Endless of Central Asia ziye kudala indawo yokuphila ephila. Apha, imbali yamandulo limelwe amangcwaba, ezo ezikhumbuzo nanto i-Iron Age. Ingakumbi zokungqinga eqhelekileyo uluhlu okanye "intshebe" kule ngingqi, ukwenza, ngokutsho izazinzulu, imisebenzi beacon ikhampasi kwi emathafeni. Oku kuye kwatsala ingqalelo inkcubeko ngembali tasmolinskaya, ngoko igama laloo ngingqi kummandla Pavlodar, eyayibhalwe kwimingxuma yokuqala womntu kunye nehashe kwi iindulana ezinkulu nezincinane. Abembi bezinto zakudala bakholelwa Kazakhstan zokungqinga tasmolinskoy ezikhumbuzo yenkcubeko yeyona ixhaphakileyo ekuqaleni Iron Age.

Iimpawu usiko Northern Kazakhstan

Lo mmandla luphawulwa bubukho iinkomo. abahlali bendawo emisebenzi kwezolimo uye wazinza kwaye ayohlala indlela yobomi. inkcubeko Tasmolinskaya kwaye iziqu kulo mmandla. Kucelwa labaphandi ezikhumbuzo ukutsala Iron Age yokungcwaba zokungqinga yokuqala Birlik Alypkash, Bekteniz kunye zokuhlala ezintathu: Karlyga, Bork kunye Kenotkel. Phezu kodonga lasekunene lomlambo Yesil waqhubeka esomeleza Iron Age Early. Development apha sifumene ubugcisa ukunyibilikisa kunye nokuqwalaselwa nonferrous zesinyithi. iimveliso metal ezenziwa abantu abangeniswe eMpuma Yurophu kunye eCaucasus. Kazakhstan kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela ngaphambi abamelwane yalo kuphuhliso yokunyibilikisa isinyithi yamandulo ngoko iye yaba Yokuthetha phakathi kwamaziko metallurgical kweli lizwe, eSiberia naseMpuma Europe.

"Abagcini of igolide"

zokungqinga iingangamsha ka East Kazakhstan ngokuyintloko accumulated e Shiliktinskoy Valley. Kukho ngaphezulu kwama amahlanu. ukufunda kunazo zonke iindonga ziye zabanjwa ngowe-1960, nto leyo kuthiwa igolide. Eziphakamileyo olu hlobo lesikhumbuzo kwi-Iron Age kwi BC 8-9 leminyaka. kwisithili Zaisan of East Kazakhstan ivumela ukuba baphande ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabini zokungqinga inkulu yokungcwaba, 50 nibizwayo yasebukhosini kwaye ziqulathe igolide. In Shiliktinskoy Valley yeyona indala emhlabeni amangcwaba yobukhosi BC 8, ku Kazakhstan, leyo yavulwa nguNjingalwazi Toleubayeva. Phakathi abembi le ukufunyanwa wabangela ingxolo efana ncam le "ndoda yegolide" yesithathu Kazakhstan. Waza ke wangcwatywa kwi impahla ezihonjiswe 4325 ngegolide tang. Wokufumana kakhulu umdla - inkwenkwezi pentagonal ngokudangazela lazuritnymi. Enjalo into sesona amandla kunye nobukhulu. Yaba bubungqina ngakumbi ukuba Shilikty, Besshatyr, Issyk, Berel, Boralday - indawo engcwele apho izithethe, amadini kunye nemithandazo.

Early Iron Age isiko mbuya

ubungqina obubhaliweyo lwenkcubeko yamandulo Kazakhstan akukho baninzi. Ikakhulu ulwazi alufumene kwiisayithi ngezakudala zamaqula. On the mbuya kuye kwathethwa malunga ingoma kunye nomdaniso. Kufuneka kwakhona ukhankanye ikhono ekwenziweni nempahla yodongwe kunye nemizobo ukuba zokutshiza zesilivere. Ukuhanjiswa yesinyithi khaya, kunye mdlalo umfutho kuphuculo ekhethekileyo zokufudumeza nkqubo: itshimini, leyo ecaleni babeka ngasezindongeni ngokulinganayo yabatsho yonke indlu. I-mbuya basungula iqashiso izinto eqhelekileyo namhlanje ukuba ukusetyenziswa yasekhaya ukuze zisetyenziswe ngexesha lemfazwe. Benyuka ibhulukwe, stirrups, a yurt kunye saber egosogoso. Ukukhusela amahashe ziphuhlisiwe namaqokobhe metal ziye. Ukukhuselwa egorheni iyindawo isikrweqe yentsimbi.

Mpumelelo ithuba lokuvula

I-Iron Age ikwindawo yesithathu usingise ilitye nobhedu. Kodwa ixabiso, akuthandabuzeki, nguye kuqala. Ayina mihla uhlala isiseko izinto zonke izinto ezenziwe ngabantu. Zonke izinto ezifunyaniswe ezibalulekileyo kummandla imveliso ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwayo. Le metal has indawo yokunyibilika eliphezulu xa kuthelekiswa ngobhedu. Pure intsimbi Owemvelo ke umntu ayisekho, kwaye baphumeze inkqubo ukunyibilikisa ekrwada kunzima kakhulu ngenxa refractoriness yayo. Le metal yaba unobangela utshintsho ehlabathini kubomi zezizwe emathafeni. Xa kuthelekiswa namathuba zangaphambili zakudala Iron Age yeyona imfutshane, kodwa kakhulu. Ekuqaleni, abantu bafunda intsimbi meteoric. Ezinye yoqobo kunye nezacholo kulo zifunyenwe eYiputa, eMesopotamiya kunye Asia Minor. Ngokulandelelana, ezi esele kunganxulunyaniswa kwisiqingatha sokuqala BC yesithathu. Kule nkulungwane BC intsimbi ekrwada yesibini ekufumaneni iteknoloji luphuhliswe, kodwa oko yayisathe ixesha elide intsimbi kwakujongwa malorasprostranonnym yaye zibiza imali eninzi.

Imveliso abasingethe izixhobo kunye nezixhobo zesinyithi umshado ePalestina, eSiriya, eAsia Minor, neCaucasus ne India. Ukusasazwa olu nensimbi wamqumbisa zobugcisa revolution oluya amandla woMntu phezu endalo. Ngoku, elula yokususa iindawo ezinkulu hlathi ukuze izityalo. Ngokukhawuleza wenza Ukuphuculwa izixhobo kunye nokuphuculwa zokuvuna. Ngako oko, funda ngokukhawuleza yezandla ezintsha, ingakumbi ingcibi kunye izikrweqe. Musa ukuma bucala bezicathulo owangena izixhobo ezingcono. Abakhi abasebenzi baqalisa ukusebenza ngendlela eyiyo.

Beshwankathela iziphumo ze-Iron Age, nto onokubonwa ukuba ekuqaleni lethu xesha sele ngexesha lonke eziphambili ze ngesandla izixhobo (ngaphandle izikrufu kunye waka). Ngokusebenzisa yesinyithi kwi imveliso iye kakhulu ukwakhiwa elula lweendlela, phambili inyathelo eliya phambili iteknoloji emkhosini, kwaye nayo yaba ingqekembe yesinyithi. Iron Age ekhawulezayo waxhokonxa sokonakalisa kwenkqubo abangekaphuhli zoluntu, kwaye ukuyilwa uluntu yeklasi kunye norhulumente. uluntu abaninzi kweli xesha ngqo loo nto ibizwa ngokuba yinkqubela- idemokhrasi emkhosini.

iindlela ezinokubakho zophuhliso

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba intsimbi eziwe hi mpimo lowutsongo ikhona eseYiputa, kodwa twa metal kwaba yimpumelelo kunye ekuqaleni ukunyibilikisa. Ekuqaleni, intsimbi inyibilikiswa kuphela xa kuyimfuneko. Ngenxa yoko, iingceba inclusions yesinyithi eziye zafunyanwa Syria kunye Iraq ezikhumbuzo ezazakhiwe ungadlulanga owe kweminyaka 2700 BC. Kodwa emva kokuba BC ngenkulungwane ye-11, inkosi mkhandi Mpuma eAnatolia eyaziwa inzululwazi yemveliso yenkqubo yezinto ezenziwe ngentsimbi. Iimfihlelo kunye ubuqili nenzululwazi entsha kwagcinwa kuyimfihlo kwaye enayinikelwayo kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Ezi ziphumo yokuqala yembali, eqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwezi intsimbi ngenxa nokuveliswa kwezixhobo, abhalwe kwaSirayeli, elileli: eGerare kufuphi Gaza. Kukho inani elikhulu ngamagaba, ngeerhengqe kunye openers yentsimbi kufunyaniswe ukuba uthandana ukusuka kwixesha emva 1200 BC. Kwakhona kwi zakudala iziza yamaZiko kwafunyanwa.

technology processing metal eyodwa kuba iinkosi eNtshona Asia, ukusuka apho oyiboleke engumninindlu eGrisi, Italy kunye lonke elaseYurophu. revolution British technical kunganxulunyaniswa emva konyaka 700 BC, kunye apho waba ize iphuhliswe kamnandi kakhulu. IYiputa North Afrika baye babonisa umdla kuphuhliso metal malunga ngexesha elifanayo ukutshintshwa ngakumbi yesakhono kwicala elingasezantsi. iingcibi Chinese ishiywe phantse ngokupheleleyo ubhedu, wakhetha intsimbi Baguquka. kufika abantu baseYurophu bazisa ulwazi lwabo zobugcisa processing metal e-Australia kunye Yehlabathi Elitsha. Emva kokuba kwasungulwa imfutho zesinyithi baphose yasasazwa ngomlinganiselo abaninzi. iron Siphose iye yaba yinto ebalulekile izinto yokwenza zonke iintlobo izinto zasekhaya izixhobo zomkhosi, yaba negalelo kuphuhliso lwamashisini elinemveliso.