Inkcubeko yiEnlightenment: Iimpawu

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVII yiEnlightenment, egubungela yonke kwinkulungwane XVIII olulandelayo. Iimpawu eziphambili ixesha abe free-nengqiqo. Kwakukho umoya yiEnlightenment, leyo banika ihlabathi buciko elitsha.

ifilosofi

Inkcubeko lonke yiEnlightenment yayisekelwe iingcamango ezintsha bulumko ziqulunqwe yawona yexesha. Yawona eziphambili ezepolitiki Dzhon Lokk, uVoltaire, uMontesquieu, Rousseau, Goethe, kant kunye nabanye. Baye kuchongwe inkalo yokomoya kwinkulungwane XVIII (ekwabizwa ngokuba Age of Isizathu).

Le adepts ye yiEnlightenment sasikholelwa iingcamango ezimbalwa isitshixo. Enye yazo kukuba bonke abantu ngokwemvelo bayalingana, umntu ngamnye umdla zabo kunye neemfuno. Ukuze kuhlangatyezwane nazo, kufuneka udale ihostele entofontofo bonke. Ubuntu aliveli kwi ukukhanya ngokwawo - it amiliswe ekuhambeni kwexesha ngenxa yokuba abantu babe amandla ngokomzimba nangokomoya, kunye nengqondo. Nokulingana kufuneka ikakhulu ibe yokulingana bonke phambi komthetho.

Ukukhanya inkcubeko - inkcubeko zifikeleleke kubo bonke ulwazi. iinkcuba Ukukhokela bakholelwa ukuba kuphela ukusasazeka wemfundo, unako kuphelisa nezidubedube lwentlalo. Le rationalism - nesokuvuma ingqondo ngokusekelwe ukuziphatha kunye kwingqiqo yabantu.

Xa ixesha yiEnlightenment waqhubeka mpikiswano ngonqulo. Disassociation evela kuluntu wakhula ecaweni amileyo kwaye ngendeb '(ikakhulu Catholic). Phakathi amakholwa abafundileyo ekusasazeni ingcamango kaThixo, njengoko abathile ubucukubhede elililo, owenza umyalelo ekuqaleni ezazikho ehlabathini. Ngenxa ezifunyaniswe esayensi ekusasazeni luvo uluntu onokuchaza zonke iimfihlelo iphela neemfihlelo nezimanga elidlulileyo.

indlela art

Ukongeza bulumko, ivela kunye nenkcubeko bezobugcisa yiEnlightenment. Ngelo xesha ubugcisa the World Endala yayiquka iinkalo ezimbini eziphambili. Esokuqala Classicism. Yena ivela uncwadi, umculo, arts. Oku kuthetha ngqo imigaqo zamaRoma nangesiRoma yamandulo. art enjalo ulingano ezahlukeneyo, nengqiqo, uhlobo ngengqwalasela kunye olunzima ukuthotyelwa.

Inkcubeko bezobugcisa sikhokelo ekukhanyiseleni Romanticism baphendula eminye imibuzo: imvakalelo, ukuyila, ubuchule improvisation igcisa. Amaxesha amaninzi kukho ezinjalo ukuba ezi zindlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo kwadityaniswa ngemveliso enye. Ngokomzekelo, omnye fom kunxibelelana classicism kunye nomxholo - Romanticism.

Wabonakala kunye nezimbo zovavanyo. Iye yaba buyinto sentimentalism ebalulekileyo. Akazange abe iifomu zawo zesimbo, kodwa usebenzisa loo nto ibonisa ngoko ngenxa ukulunga yoluntu ntumbuluko, elinikwa abantu ngokwemvelo. inkcubeko Russian bezobugcisa yiEnlightenment, kwakunye European, yaba iziqwenga zayo eqaqambileyo ekule flow imizwa. Kwaba ibali Nikolaya Karamzina "Poor Liza".

ihlelo uhlobo

It sentimentalists wadala Lubalasele yiEnlightenment lehlelo wendalo. Yawona yenkulungwane XVIII Benindifunela isampula entle nabalungileyo, oko bekufanele ukuba alwele uluntu. Le limenza kwihlabathi elingcono abafake ukubonakala ngelo xesha eYurophu, iipaki kunye nezitiya. Ukuba badalwa ayindawo ephelele abantu abafezekileyo. Ezi zililo ziquka zobuciko, amathala eencwadi, amaziko olondolozo lwembali, iitempile kunye zinkundla.

I Ukukhanya babekholelwa ukuba "umntu wemvelo 'omtsha kufuneka kubuyela kwimo yaso yendalo - oko kukuthi uhlobo. Ngokwale mbono yobugcisa Russian nenkcubeko yiEnlightenment (okanye mandithi, izakhiwo) wanika abantu ababephila Peterhof. Phezu bezakhiwo zayo umsebenzi wokwakha Leblon edumileyo, Zemtsov, Usov, Quarenghi. Ngenxa yemizamo yabo kwi-Gulf of Finland abe lomculo ekhethekileyo, oko kuquka ipaki ekhethekileyo, esasinamabhotwe kunye nemithombo.

yokudweba

Xa ukupeyinta, inkcubeko yokuluka yaseYurophu of yiEnlightenment bavela ngayo ukunganaki enkulu. Isakhiwo waqala ukuthatha kwezithuba kuloo mazwe apho phambi kokuba waziva unethemba ngokwanele ukuba Austria, Italy ne Germany. Landscape ukupeyinta indawo isimo landscape kunye umfanekiso omhle indawo eni olusesikweni.

Kwisiqingatha sokuqala inkcubeko French ngenkulungwane XVIII ye yiEnlightenment sibangele ukuba kubekho indlela yokuhlobisa. art Loo yayisekelwe asymmetry, oko intlekisa, ukudlala yimikhuba. abalinganiswa oluthandayo le ulwalathiso lomculi a Bacchante, Oophunguphungu, Venus, uDiana, kunye nezinye izafobe kwiintsomi yamandulo, kwaye izifundo eziphambili - uthando.

Umzekelo olothusayo lobuninzi French yase - ubuchule Fransua Bushe, wanyulwa ngokuba "ngumzobi wokuqala kakumkani." Wayepeyinta sets yeqonga, imifanekiso iincwadi zemifanekiso lwezindlu etyebileyo amabhotwe. Eyona idumileyo lwemizobo akhe: "Indlu yangasese Venus", "Triumph of Venus" njalo-njalo ..

Antuan Vatto, phezu koko, uya waguqukela kubomi banamhlanje. Phantsi sakhe, indlela liphuhlise lo mfanekiso IsiNgesi opeyintayo inkulu Thomas Gainsborough. Eyahluke ngokomoya, ukuphuculwa ngokomoya kunye nemibongo.

Ngumzobi engundoqo Italian kwinkulungwane XVIII waba Dzhovanni Tepolo. Le inkosi ushicilela kunye imizobo wena abahlalutyi ingqalelo ummeli yokugqibela enkulu yesikolo yelo xesha. Xa shopping edumileyo ikomkhulu Republic kwavela Veduta - mhlaba ngemihla ezidolophini. Uninzi koqobo yabhiyozelwa uhlobo baqalisa Francesco Guardi kunye Antonio Kanaletto. Le nkcubeko Ukukhanya washiya ngasemva inani elikhulu lwemizobo umxhelo.

theatre

ngekhulu XVIII - ubudala zegolide yeqonga. Ngexesha Ukukhanya, le fomu zobugcisa lifikelele ncopho ukuthandwa kwakhe kugcwele. ENgilani, i elikhulu ekuchubekeni uRichard Sheridan. Eyona edume kakhulu, "Uhambo ku Scarborough," "School for Ihlazo" yaye "abachasi 'imisebenzi yakhe bamhleka okubi bongxowankulu.

Dynamic yonke yemidlalo nenkcubeko eYurophu of yiEnlightenment kuphuhliswa e Venice, apho wafika wasebenza amaqonga nje 7. Traditional emikhosini isixeko yonyaka watsala iindwendwe ezivela kulo lonke World Old. E Venice, wenza umbhali edume "Traktirschiny" Karlo Goldoni. Le umbhali, owabhala ezingama imisebenzi 267, ohlonitshwayo bayinqule uVoltaire.

Comedy edume kakhulu kwinkulungwane XVIII waba 'Ukuhlanganiswa Figaro, "ebhalwe ngu omkhulu engumFrentshi Beaumarchais. Kule umdlalo, kuthwelwe isimo na uluntu sengqondo esibi ukuba ukumkani elililo Bourbons. Kwiminyaka embalwa emva kokupapashwa kweemveliso yokuqala kunye zikwenza kubonakale ngathi eFransi kwakukho revolution neyabhukuqa kwakulawula endala.

inkcubeko yaseYurophu yiEnlightenment wayengekho iyunifomu. Kwamanye amazwe kwezobugcisa kwavela iimpawu yesizwe. Ngokomzekelo, umdlalo German (Schiller, Goethe, Lessing), imisebenzi yakhe ubalaseleyo abhalwe uhlobo ntlekele. Kulo Bekubonela yiEnlightenment eJamani wabonakala eminyaka embalwa emva kwe eFransi okanye eNgilani.

Iogann Gete akazange kuphela imbongi brilliant and ekuchubekeni. Hayi ngokuba nto ibizwa ngokuba 'misebenzi jikelele "- a Connoisseur nobugcisa enye ingcali, umphengululi, umbhali kunye nengcali kwezinye iindawo ezininzi. imveliso yawo key - yintlekele "Faust" kunye umdlalo "Egmont." Enye nani obalaseleyo German yiEnlightenment, Friedrich Schiller, wabhala nje "ngamayelenqe Nothando" yaye "kubaphangi", kodwa yashiya imisebenzi yenzululwazi kunye nembali.

fiction

Uhlobo eziphambili zoncwadi kwinkulungwane XVIII yaba inoveli. Kuyinto ngenxa iincwadi ezintsha kuza ngokoyisa inkcubeko yongxowankulu, owathatha kwiimbono endala wobukhosi ubudala. Ngenkuthalo ashicilelwe imisebenzi yobugcisa kuphela ababhali, kodwa kwezentlalo, iingcali zefilosofi kunye noqoqosho.

I inoveli, njengokuba uhlobo, wakhula ngaphandle lobhengezo lobuntatheli. Ngayo, yawona yenkulungwane XVIII baye bafumana ifom entsha ukuvakalisa izimvo zabo zentlalo nentanda-bulumko. Wabhala: "Gulliver kaThixo Uhambo" Dzhonatan Svift ayifake umsebenzi wakhe usingiselo ezininzi amabibi kuluntu lwanamhlanje. Wabhala Kwakhona wayevela "I Tale of a ibhabhathane." Kule ncwadana, Swift satirized imiyalelo ngoko yonqulo ingxabano.

Uphuhliso nenkcubeko yiEnlightenment kufumaniseka ukuba aba lolu ukuvela ntlobo ezintsha zoncwadi. Ngelo xesha, kwakukho inoveli epistolary (inoveli ngoonobumba). Oku, umzekelo, umsebenzi theka Ioganna Gete "Inimba Young Werther," apho ophambili ezibulele, kwakunye "Iincwadi Persian" of uMontesquieu. Kwakukho iinoveli amaxwebhu kwi uhlobo lokubhala zokuhamba kunye neenkcazelo ezinika ( "Uhambo eFransi Italy:" Tobias Smollett).

Kule ncwadi, inkcubeko yiEnlightenment eRashiya, balandela eziyimithetho classicism. Xa imbongi ngenkulungwane XVIII Alexander Sumarokov wasebenza Vasily Trediakovskii, uAntiochus Cantemir. Kwakukho ikhaba yokuqala Sentimentalism (sele wabhekisela Karamzin "Owu Lisa" yaye "UNatalie, ntombi boyar"). Inkcubeko yiEnlightenment eRashiya uye wadala zonke ezona zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze babe ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX, uncwadi ekhaya, ikhokelwa ngu Pushkin, Lermontov kunye Gogol, waba ubudala baso.

umculo

Kwaba ngexesha Age wokukhanya, ulwimi umculo mihla. umsunguli wayo uthathwa Iogann eArabha. Le Umqambi enkulu babhala imisebenzi kuzo zonke iintlobo (ngaphandle yaba opera). Bach kunye namhlanje kugqalwa inkosi nanto of polyphony. Enye Umqambi German George Handel wabhala opera ngaphezulu kwama-40 kunye sonatas eziliqela abandwendweli. Inspiration yena, njengo Bach, oyizobe amabali kwibhayibhile (luphawulwa isibizo: "uSirayeli eYiputa", "uSawule", "Mesiya").

Okunye ebalulekileyo mnyhadala ixesha - School Viennese. Imisebenzi amalungu ayo bayaqhubeka ukubaleka okhestra zemfundo namhlanje, ukuze abantu banamhlanje nga abachukumisa ilifa oshiye inkcubeko yiEnlightenment. I-18 leminyaka linxulunyaniswa amagama buchopho afana noWolfgang Mozart, Yozef Gaydn, Ludwig van uBeethoven. Kuyinto la Abaqambi Viennese uhlaziye neentlobo ezindala zomculo kunye neendidi.

Haydn ithathwa uyise symphony lakudala (wabhala wathi kubo ngaphezu kwekhulu). Uninzi lwezi imisebenzi esekelwe phezu bengqungqa iintsomi kunye neengoma. Kwincopho bobuchule of London symphony komjikelo Haydn kaThixo ebhalwe nguye ngexesha iihambo eNgilani. Inkcubeko le Renaissance ixesha, ixesha le yiEnlightenment kunye nawuphi na ixesha kwimbali yabantu zizala ezinqabileyo amagcisa kwande kangaka. Ngaphandle symphony, abacula ilungu Haydn 83, inginginya 13, 20 no-52 sonatas opera clavier.

UMozart kuphela waqamba umculo. Yena nanto wayedlala harpsichord kunye ivayolin inkosi ezi zixhobo kwabantwana abancinane. opera bakhe kunye Ikonsathi kwahluka mood eyahlukileyo kakhulu (ukusuka lyrics zesihobe ukuya fun). Eyona engundoqo imisebenzi onjengokaMozart ingqalelo symphony amathathu, nâzo lowo efanayo 1788 (Inombolo 39, 40, 41).

Enye Classic uBeethoven enkulu awayezithanda amabali zobugorha ukuba nefuthe yokwenza "Egmont," "Coriolanus" yaye "Fidelio," opera. Njengoko inkqenkqeza, wabetha bexesha lakhe ukudlala ipiyano. Ukuze esi sixhobo uBeethoven Sonata-32 zaye zabhalwa. Inkoliso yakhe isebenza umqambi sidalwe eVienna. Kwakhona ke anakho sonatas 10 ivayolin kunye nepiyano (ithandwa kakhulu kwi "Kreutzer" Sonata).

UBeethoven waphelelwa ngobuchule kakhulu ebangelwe kukuphulukana ezindlebeni zabo. Umqambi abayithobanga ekuzibulaleni lithemba wabhala edume "Moonlight" Sonata yakhe. Kodwa, nkqu ukuba isigulo ezoyikekayo abazange ukwaphula ukuthanda mculi. Njengoba ziye silale yayo, uBeethoven kananjalo wabhala imisebenzi emininzi Symphonic.

IsiNgesi Ukukhanya

England wazalelwa khona i-European yiEnlightenment. Kweli lizwe, phambi kwabanye, kwinkulungwane XVII, kwabakho revolution yongxowankulu, leyo umfutho kuphuhliso lwenkcubeko. England waba ngumzekelo omhle inkqubela kwezentlalo. Sobulumko Dzhon Lokk wayengomnye wabantu bokuqala kunye nkolelo eziphambili ingcamango melo. Phantsi yempembelelo imibhalo yakhe uxwebhu kwezopolitiko ibalulekileyo yiEnlightenment yabhalwa - Declaration American of Independence. Locke wayekholelwa ukuba ulwazi lomntu kumiselwa ukuqonda ngokoluvo kunye namava ngaphezu phambi wawancamisa ekuhleni bulumko ezithandwayo Descartes.

Enye sazi ebalulekileyo British kwinkulungwane XVIII waba Devid Restaurants. Lo bulumko, yezoqoqosho, mbali, uzowenza yekhasi ezihlaziyiweyo inzululwazi yokuziphatha. owayephila ngexesha lakhe uAdam Smith waba nguyise kwethiyori zoqoqosho zale mihla. Inkcubeko yiEnlightenment, ngamafutshane, ngaphambi iingqiqo ezininzi mihla kunye neengcamango. umsebenzi Smith noko. Yena waba ngowokuqala ukuba umyinge ukubaluleka imarike ukubaluleka karhulumente.

bazimele French

zobulumko French kwinkulungwane XVIII wayesebenza kwiimeko inkcaso ezentlalo nawezopolitiko ezikhoyo ngoko. Rousseau, Diderot, uMontesquieu - bonke bephela ndaqononondisa ngokuchasene nemiyalelo zasekhaya. Ukugxekwa ukuba ngeendlela ezininzi: akekho, lo idealization kwangaphambili (bebabaza isithethe republic lidala), njalo-njalo ...

A isenzeko ekhethekileyo yiEnlightenment inkcubeko yaba umthamo-35 "Encyclopedia". Kwakuthetha yawona eziphambili "Age of Isizathu". Inspirer kunye umhleli oyintloko sale ncwadi nal yaba Denis Diderot. Negalelo imiqulu kufuneka Pol Golbah, La Mettrie, Julien, Klod Gelvetsy kunye nezinye zizifundiswa abadumileyo kwinkulungwane XVIII.

UMontesquieu kabukhali ugxeke nalwazelelelo kunye despotism ngayo ngabasemagunyeni. Namhlanje, ukufanele kubhekwa umsunguli liberalism yamaphephandaba. KaVoltaire waba ngumzekelo obalaseleyo wit kunye kwetalente. Yena waba yimbangi yemibongo satirical, iinoveli bulumko, amaphecana ezopolitiko. Kabini-sazi yena entolongweni, ixesha elingakumbi kwafuneka ukufihla abaphalaphalayo. Yaba uVoltaire udale fashion sokucinga simahla nokugxekwa.

Ukukhanya German

inkcubeko German kwinkulungwane XVIII eyayikho iimeko eqhekekileyo bezopolotiko belizwe. ezingqondweni Advanced wakhuthaza ukungahoywa survivals feudal kunye nomanyano lwesizwe. Mu kuya kwa nshita French zobulumko yawona German Lumkela imiba enxulumene ibandla.

Kanye kwinkcubeko Russian ye yiEnlightenment, inkcubeko Prussia kwabunjwa kunye nxaxheba ngqo kumkani yedwa (eRashiya, yaba uCatherine II, e-Prussia - Fridrih Veliky). The Head of State sixhasa ngamandla siseko phambili ngexesha lakhe, ngoxa ngokunganikezeli amandla akhe angapheliyo. Loo nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba "absolutism bakhanyiselwa".

I Illuminator Germany ngenkulungwane ephambili XVIII yaba Immanuel Kant. Ngowe-1781 wapapasha umsebenzi obalulekileyo 'amadlala Isizathu esulungekileyo. " Sobulumko iphuhlise ingcamango ezintsha zolwazi, uye wafundela ithuba ingqondo zabantu. Yaba wayezithethelela iindlela lomzabalazo kunye nefomu ngokusemthethweni ukutshintsha inkqubo kwezentlalo nezopolitiko, ngaphandle ubundlobongela ekrwada. Kant wenza igalelo elibalulekileyo kwithiyori kolawulo lomthetho.