Usapho kwezityalo

Complex sabaphathi Taxonomy iintlobo iquka iindidi ezininzi. iintsapho zezityalo ngezantsi unit (order) kunye hlobo ephakamileyo. amagama awo akhiwa ngokungqinelana nemigaqo, ezo zilawulwa yi-International Code of Botanical nokuhlelwa. Igama usapho Plant ukhandwa nongeza isiseko igama lohlobo sodidi ukuvalwa standard -aceae. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, akhiwa igama usapho Rosaceae (Rosaceae), nto leyo equka igama sodidi «Rosa», ngokusekelwe kwizinto Ros- wongeza kunye nesiphelo -aceae. Xa ngokolwahlulo lwenzululwazi wambi kusetyenziswa yezabelo amabakala: subfamily kunye superfamily.

izityalo entsapho ngengqiqo mihla kwavela kwenkulungwane XX. Kuba okokuqala kolu didi liqalise yingcaphephe ngezityalo nengcaphephe Per Manol evela eFransi emva ngo 1689. Ukutyhubela amashumi eminyaka, oko limela iqela umlinganiswa ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo. Le ndlela yokusebenzisa eli gama yaphela kuphela ngo-1906 kunye ukwamkelwa imithetho ngamazwe nokuhlelwa zezityalo. Ngokutsho imithetho, eli gama weza kuthetha nantoni na ngaphambili ekubhekiselelwe yemiyalelo Latin okanye iintsapho - isiFrentshi.

Nangona iyantlukwano yezityalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba ezinye ezifanayo kakhulu omnye komnye, yaye ezinye - ngaphantsi. Le ukufana ixhomekeke kubudlelwane ezi zityalo. iintlobo It ehlobene isiseko ukuyilwa kweentsapho. Kucingelwa ukuba le planethi kukho phezu 350.000 iintlobo zezityalo:

- ukwanda Moss: babe 1.3 amawaka ukuzalwa 25 lamawaka iintlobo; ..

- iifeni ze kwisizukulwana 300 amawaka 11 iintlobo ;.

- Horsetail: 1 uhlobo kwaye malunga 25 iintlobo;

. - lycopsids: 4 no-1 amawaka iintlobo ngeentlobo;

- gymnosperms: 60 kwisizukulwana neentlobo 700;

- angiosperms (kweentyatyambo): iintsapho ezingaphezulu kwama-500, malunga-13 amawaka kwisizukulwana kwaye ngaphezu kwama-250 amawaka eziphilayo ...

Kukho izityalo entsapho kakhulu abanomdla abantu ngokubhekiselele ukusetyenziswa kwazo kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ngaphandle kwezi nezityalo ukuba abantu bangakwazi ngokubanzi, kuba abaninzi kubo benza i inxalenye enkulu ukutya. Enye le iqhelekileyo usapho zezityalo dicotyledonous. iimpawu uphawu izityalo ezinjalo: ubukho cotyledons ezimbini; inani izakhi ezahlukeneyo wentyatyambo kakhulu inani labo ilingana okanye impinda-4 no-5; thunzi ibekwe ilaphu conductive. Inkqubo ingcambu ezi zityalo ubukhulu becala ngentonga. Le ntsapho imelwe zonke iintlobo zobomi. Phakathi dicotyledons kukho imifuno, amatyholo kunye nemithi. Le intsapho malunga 4/5 ye kweentyatyambo izityalo kakhulu kwiplanethi yethu.

Izityalo entsapho zilegumes kwakucingwa ukuba udidi bipartite. Le iintlobo ezininzi kunene. Flowers kufuneka abameli balo iqanjwa ezinamagqabi ezingafani 5, ube imilo mgaqweni, 10 stamens. iziqhamo imidumba Akumangalisi amalungiselelo. isixhobo wabo kuthiwa igama ngezityalo "nembotyi". A phawu oqhelekileyo intsapho a maqanda elide omnye, nto leyo yahlulwe izabelo, kunye neziqhamo zonke izityalo polyspermic, ibhabhathane. neziqhamo ezivuthiweyo ugcwele kwi the seams emphethweni, apho ke imbewu eziqhotyoshelweyo.

Bean anayo. Iintlobo malunga 6.6 amawaka kunye kwisizukulwana 200. Bona, lwavakala kulo lonke ihlabathi. Le ntsapho yahlulwe subfamilies caesalpinioideae, iMimosa, imidumba. Ekugqibeleni akhawunti eli nani likhulu lezityalo entsatsheni. Ezinye zazo ukutya kwabantu ibalulekileyo: neembotyi, neentlumaya, ertyisi, iiertyisi, peanuts, iimbotyi zesoya. Iziqhamo ezi zityalo abe isiqulatho eliphezulu protein yemifuno, iiminerali ezininzi kunye neevithamini. Abaninzi kubo zisetyenziswa njenge umxhesho esibalulekileyo izilwanyana: i-, grass, sainfoin, i-, ilusini. abameli Herbaceous imidumba nabakwaziyo ndikhuphe nitrogen emoyeni, kukho izityalo ezinkulu, okusetyenziselwa ukubangwa komhlaba.