Kepler Iogann: engobomi, imisebenzi, izinto

Inkangeleko kwenkqubo heliocentric ka Nikolaya Kopernika - licandelo ibalulekileyo inkqubo bamkela igama mbali ye revolution yenzululwazi XVI-XVII eminyaka. Kwintshayelelo ncwadi yakhe, wambeka apho loo ngcamango, i-Polish omkhulu ngobunono wabonisa ukuba engenangqondo kuyo, cinga umnikelo umsebenzi wakho nje uzama ukufumana indlela lula izibalo ngeenkwenkwezi. Ngokwemfanelo ukuguqula imodeli Copernican ngayo indalo kwi inyaniso engangxengwanga bobabo sisazinzulu enkulu waseJamani ogama Kepler. UJohann phakathi kwezinye ababephila enkulu ngakumbi; wayebhengeza ukufika kwehlabathi uhlobo elitsha womntu - isazinzulu, besazi uhlobo esebenzayo.

Enomsila - intwasahlobo lwekamva enkulu

ngeenkwenkwezi elizayo, ingcali yezibalo, injineli, ugqirha wamehlo wazalwa ngoDisemba 27, 1571, yintsapho engathathi kwidolophu komkhusane, xa duchy ka-Württemberg, kwinxalenye Swabian yaseJamani. Xa wayeneminyaka engama-5 ubudala, waya emfazweni e Holland, intloko-ntsapho - ijoni-umgwinti Heinrich Kepler. UJohann abangazange bayibone. Umama wakhe, Caterina, intombi ka-ndlu yabahambi, wayenza amayeza esintu, nokuvumisa; ngokuba apho kamva phantse ezilahlekileyo intloko yakhe. Ngemali encinane, yena wenza yonke into unyana wafumana imfundo elungileyo.

Ulwazi olunomdla icaciswa yonke nxi, iqulathe ngobomi Ioganna Keplera e ekuqaleni kwayo. Katharina Kepler wabonisa kunyaka-emithandathu uJohann enomsila, kunye neminyaka emithathu kamva - ngo-1580 - umnyama kwenyanga. Inkwenkwezi leyo ihamba esibhakabhakeni ebusuku kunye utshintsho nenyanga imilo emehlweni, kumfana ukwazi wenza nomvakalelo womoya onamandla. Mhlawumbi ke wazalwa kumnqweno wakhe ukuya oonobangela kwenzeka ntoni?

Scientist-wezakwalizwi, lweli Copernicus

Kwabantwana abancinane, uJohann wafudukela yingqakaqha, ukuba buthathaka emehlweni akhe. Ngoko ke wakhula amandla ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nabagulayo. Ngenxa yoko, kwathabatha ixesha ngaphezu kweentanga zabo ukuze ufumane imfundo aphakamileyo. Kulo mzekelo, faka Kepler University of Tübingen zibe negalelo ngokwamandla urhulumente lesixeko kaThixo obalaseleyo, nabaphethwe Iogann Kepler. biography emfutshane sisazinzulu kunye 1591 ngenxa 1594 yi ukufakwa olunzulu ulwazi kwenye yeedyunivesithi best yaseYurophu.

Kepler ubomi wonke umntu gqitha zonqulo kumProtestanti azinikele. Ngoko ke, yena elungiselela ukuba abe ngumbingeleli waza wangena sokuzikhethela zenkolo. Noko ke, ngaphambi koko, waya kwikhosi yemathematika kunye ngeenkwenkwezi, waba inkosi yobugcisa - ukuba kunjalo ngokuba njengoko inzululwazi ngqo ngelo xesha. Phakathi ootitshala bakhe lweli inkqubo heliocentric Michael Maestlin. Phantsi yempembelelo iintetho zakhe eNtshumayeli bakholelwa kule ngcamango iba ne Kepler. UJohann wazama ukutolika ngobuchule iingcamango Copernicus, kodwa akasoloko ukwenza izigqibo ezifanelekileyo.

Cup Kepler kaThixo

Izicwangciso ukuba abe ngumbingeleli uJohann wayeka ebamema ukuba kwisikhundla sokuba womfundisi kwimathematika kwiYunivesithi Graz (1594). Nangona isigwebo ukuzinikela kwakhe umendo inkonzo uThixo ngokupheleleyo, biography ngobomi Ioganna Keplera ithe sisazinzulu uphando bemi eqongeni yokufundisa, okuphikayo i Ptolemaic (yesifrentshi) imodeli yehlabathi.

Xa Harz ayifunayo wemvisiswano zemathematika kwifowni kwenkqubo solar ushicilele incwadi ethi "Imfihlelo Yonke" (1596). yokubonakalisa Visual yeengcamango ezibhengeziweyo isazinzulu kule ncwadi yaba "indebe Kepler." Yaba umthamo imodeli yenkqubo elanga, apho ukukhanya ibekwe kumbindi Copernicus, kodwa umzila iiplanethi Bajikeleza Kepler unika iimpawu imizimba zikaPlato - iityhubhu, iibhola kunye ezimacala rhoqo. Akukho imathematika Akumangalisi kucingwe ngelo xesha ubuciko - lo mfuziselo mhle kunene, kodwa engachanekanga ngokupheleleyo.

Ixesha wenze isimemo

incwadi yakhe Kepler ithumela izazinzulu ezininzi eziphambili zaseYurophu, kuquka uGalileo kunye Dane Tiho Brage, ababekhonza njengoko inkundla ngeenkwenkwezi ePrague. Ukuzahlulela ecetywayo Kepler ngokuvumelana Orbital zeemo, zombini izazinzulu baqonde umsebenzi sezibalo abatsha sezibalo. Nangona kunjalo, kunye nezikhundla ezahlukeneyo. UGalileo yamkele indlela heliocentric kunye Braga wazithanda ukungafihlisi kwethu, ngokuphuma acinga ngayo. Dane wamema Kepler ku ePrague.

UJohann lokuhamba ukuya ePrague igalelo yezizathu eziliqela. Phakathi kwabo - impahla kunzima nokuma yokuziphatha Kepler (kokuba sitshatile, kodwa umfazi oselula waphathwa sokuwa yaye kungekudala wafa) kunye nesiqalo intshutshiso obuProtestante yi yamaKatolika iCawa, kwaye yeyona ngumwexuki kunye Iogann Kepler. biography emfutshane nzulu kwixesha lokugqibela bokuhlala lakhe Harz izele yosongo uxinzelelo kuye lweli neengcamango ngabawexuki.

Ngowe-1600, Kepler ufika e Prague, apho eqalisa xesha evuzayo ebomini bakhe.

Kepler e Prague. lemveli

Kungekudala emva kokuqalisa umsebenzi joint Brahe ngesiquphe waza wafa, eshiya Kepler ezigcinayo zabo Imigqaliselo ngeenkwenkwezi , kunye nendawo ngeenkwenkwezi inkundla kunye nabakhwitsi. KwiShumi lemiNyaka olwenziwe Kepler e Prague, sisiseko zonke yenkqubela ezinkulu zenzululwazi eyenziwe ngeenkwenkwezi, physics, izibalo.

Ngeenkwenkwezi, Kepler wazisa umyalelo wokugqibela wokungeniswa isindululo ze iiplanethi kule nkqubo elanga. Qonda wathola bobabo uJohannes Kepler, bexesha bakhe ukususela ileja jikelele sisazinzulu - "Astronomy New" (1609). Kuyo, nakumsebenzi yokugqibela "Le Harmony Yehlabathi" (1618) imithetho ezintathu yeefom zesibhakabhaka ziye zavela. Wathi lokuqala wezijikelezi-langa malunga imilo an ellipse kunye ilanga elinye nakujoliso olutsha, yiplanethi yesibini neyesithathu wachaza uqina Orbital kunye neendlela yokulinganisa yayo. Ukongeza, Kepler wachaza supernova kwakukho iitafile ezichanekileyo ngeenkwenkwezi kwababezikhonza njengoko nezifundo oomatiloshe inkwenkwezi kunye izazi.

Mathematics waye isixhobo ephambili ukuba isetyenziselwa umsebenzi wakhe Kepler. UJohann encwadini "Geometry entsha imiphanda zewayini" (1615) ubonisa ukuba ukufumana indlela umthamo eziqinileyo ye revolution, ngokubekwa iziseko uhlalutyo zemathematika calculus ezifunekayo. Phakathi ezifunyaniswe zemathematika ka Kepler - itafile see logarithm, izinto ezintsha - "izibalo kuthetha" kunye "indawo kwi yokungapheli".

Kepler wazisa umba "inertia" ukusetyenziswa lwenzululwazi, ibhekisela ubukho kwindalo of umnqweno ezinxulumene imizimba union, ke, akusondela ukuba ukuvula umthetho womxhuzulane. Owokuqala ukuchaza unobangela nabaqala impembelelo kweNyanga, uye wachaza ezibangela ukubona, uye waba iteleskopu phambili ngakumbi.

kwiminyaka yakutshanje. memory

Ngowe-1615, Kepler wanyanzeleka ukuba abe igqwetha nonina, betyholwa ngobugqwirha. Yena wamsongela ukuze atshiswe esibondeni, kodwa uJohann ikwazile ukufikelela kwinkululeko yayo.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, Kepler wanyanzeleka ukuba achithe ekukhangeleni umthombo othembekileyo ukuze baxhase iintsapho zabo, kwaye ngexesha uhambo umlawuli, obenetyala kuye yemivuzo, Rigensburg ngowe-1630 wafa.

Igama Kepler namhlanje - phakathi zihlanjiwe, ogama iingcamango asisiseko kunye impumelelo yangoku yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe. igama lakhe inikwa Ibhanti mngxuma eNyangeni, le lori isithuba kwaye Bajikeleza observatory isithuba, ngayo wavula ihlabathi elitsha efanayo Earth ukulungiselela iimeko ze kananjalo wabathiya elokuba emva Kepler kaThixo.