Imbali yamandulo yaseYiputa. INkcubeko, koFaro, iiphiramidi

ubutyebi bembali kunye ezintle yamandulo. LaseYiputa, eBhabhiloni, iYerusalem - la magama akufuphi dear ukuba wonke umntu okhe kude zisuswe maxesha aziqhelileyo kuphuhliso loluntu. Qwalasela eli nqaku inkcubeko kwiYiputa yamandulo.

Njani urhulumente umYiputa?

Ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali, imfundo karhulumente, ebizwa ngokuba eYiputa, yasekwa eMntla Afrika, entilini lomlambo enkulu ebizwa umNayile. Le impucuko fanele, kunye Indian kunye Chinese, kwizityalo lwakudala yezolimo. Imvelaphi karhulumente zaseYiputa ukubathwala ngeenkuko 4-5 leminyaka BC.

Namhlanje kukho nenzululwazi yonke - Egyptology, leyo ufunda inkcubeko lwamaYiputa ingqibelelo emanyeneyo nezahlukeneyo.

Ababhali-mbali uchonge zigaba zilandelayo kuphuhliso state:

1. Pre-dynastic eYiputa.
2. umbuso ngaphambili.
3. Ubukumkani yamandulo.
4. Middle Kingdom.
5. New Kingdom.
6. Kamva ubukumkani.
7. Ixesha wolawulo nguPtolemy.

Imbali mdala laseYiputa ekuqaleni indlela yembali

Imfundo yezikolo zikarhulumente kweli lizwe iqala nesibakala sokuba izibonda ezimbini akhiwa Upper kunye Lower eYiputa. Likomkhulu urhulumente omtsha uba isixeko Menfis. Ubunye Iinkqubo iinxalenye ezimbini iYiputa ibamba Menez umphathi. Ngelo xesha apho imfuno amaziko karhulumente: Imifanekiso, umkhosi, amahlelo zonqulo abaci yabo.

i bemilingo karhulumente

Egypt yafikelela ngokuchuma mkhulu phakathi kwimbali yawo. Eli xesha ubizwa ngokuba ixesha dynastic, xa etroneni bamlandela omnye komnye ababekwe koFaro.

Inyaniso yokuba eYiputa lenkolo ekhethekileyo zadalwa, leyo, ukongeza deification ngayo amandla endalo, iqukwe kwaye deification lomntu yokumkani. KoFaro amandla olugoso, kuba isimntwiso kwabo bonke abantu bakhe emhlabeni. Ngako oko, ukuba uFaro wakhokela ubomi ilungisa, yaye kwakukholekile oothixo, yena nabantu bakhe sasindiselwa kubukho elilandelayo.

Ngoko ke, ingqalelo ekhethekileyo nokulondolozwa izidumbu, ngenxa yokuba iinkolelo zonqulo kulindeleke ukuvuka komzimba. Iiphiramidi zokuqala baseYiputa kwakhiwa kanye njengoko kumangcwaba enkulu kunye nobungangamsha of koFaro kwabafileyo.

Yintoni na amangcwaba kakhulu uyingangamsha?

Ngokwemveli, ooFaro umfi wafihlwa Valley of Kings. Izidumbu zabo zidumbu, yaye kunye nabo sarcophagus multi-sixhobo sekhombuya wabeka ezininzi zobugcisa kunye nobomi. Noko ke, phakathi imbali yayo, amaYiputa baqalisa ukwakha amangcwaba engayiwayo ngoofaro, wafumana igama iphiramidi.

Namhlanje, engcwabeni edume kaFaro Djoser yephiramidi imilo, abalawuli Cheops kunye Chephren. Ezi iiphiramidi izakhiwo yeyokukhulisa, eshiya isiphelo ezingoonxantathu elibukhali esibhakabhakeni.

De kube ngoku, kukho yeengcinga ezininzi zazakhiwe, indlela akha labazobi amandulo baziinkosi zabo, kutheni ulwakhiwo iiphiramidi yaphela bulula.

Secrets of Ingcwaba kutsala ingqalelo kunye nabakhenkethi ukwazi, oosonzululwazi kunye ingqalelo. Enyanisweni, ngenxa yokuba ezi amangcwaba amandulo yaye ivulelekile ihlabathi yanamhlanje inkcubeko yobukhosi baseYiputa. Oku kwenzeka kuphela kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, xa iYiputa yaba lithanga yaseBritani. Ukuba izazinzulu British bakwazi sithole kuphela engcwabeni engekashunyayelwa wentombi kaFaro Tutankhamun.

inkcubeko umYiputa: ezabo izicatshulwa

Egyptologists Modern ukususela kwinkulungwane edlulileyo iye inkqubela kude kakhulu. Namhlanje, kukho eziliqela imithombo nga ku pfuna leswaku u dyondza leswi engetelekeke malunghana inkcubeko yamandulo. Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi.

Lo mthombo wokuqala nokubaluleke lwazi kuyinto script Egyptian obhalwe. Kangangexesha elide, le impucuko yamandulo uyintsumantsumane, kuba umbhalo obhalwe akucaci ngokupheleleyo ukuba abeLungu. Sesona sisombululo lokwenene Egyptology wenze le sisazinzulu French Jean-Fransua Shampolon, owakwaziyo States ulwimi lwabantu bamandulo. Hi ndlela leyi, kule isingqi kunye izazinzulu baseBritani, kodwa Champollion sacinga ukuba sibhenele ulwimi Coptic - kumnombo amaYiputa amandulo, abathi I AD ngenkulungwane esamkelwa ubuKristu ngokupheleleyo bashiya ilifa yobuhedeni.

inkcubeko umYiputa: imibhalo abantu abahlala kufutshane

Lo mthombo yesibini yolwazi lwenkcubeko baseYiputa, zezona izicatshulwa ababhali zamaGrike kunye nemisebenzi mbali yamhlamnene. Noko ke, ulwalamano phakathi kweYiputa kunye nezinye States nzima, ngoko ezinye ingcaciso enikwe ngayo kwezi zinto liyakhohlisa.

Ke ekugqibeleni, lo mthombo entsha inkcazelo malunga nenkcubeko zaseYiputa baqala ukuba iBhayibhile. Igama kakhulu urhulumente isoloko ifumaneka kwi YeZibhalo Ezingcwele kunye nezinye iitekisi zonqulo zamaYuda. Ngokukodwa, ichaza ngokweenkcukacha imfuduko mass yamaYuda eYiputa (leyo ingqinwa izifundo zabaphengululi namhlanje). Ngoko ke iBhayibhile isixelela ukuba impucuko yamandulo elizayo ziya kuphulukana amandla alo ayokuba zikarhulumente eziqhelekileyo.

art Egyptian

Yamandulo Egyptian ubukumkani yaba yinxalenye yembali yoluntu kunye norhulumente, ayayilwa yi ezinqabileyo kakhulu imikrolo, ukwakha kunye nokupeyinta. museum Modern kwiimeko ezininzi ilifa kanye abo ezikhumbuzo enkcubeko aye alondolozwa Kumangcwaba aseYiputa yamandulo. bonke bephela ezinxulumene zamahlelo enkolo. Ngokukodwa, oko lizisa ekroliweyo yezithunywa oothixo baseYiputa nezithixokazi, umphefumlo lomntu obhubhileyo, izacholo ezenziwe amatye anqabileyo kunye nobuhle emangalisayo impahla yasendlini (izitulo oqingqiweyo, ngegolide engathi ngumfanekiswana yimikrolo wazikrola, njalo njalo. D.).

Eyaziwa esekelwe ezikhethekileyo zaseYiputa ezibhaliweyo kunye iidayi zendalo, kwaye ke ngoko ezigcinwe eYiputa kwimozulu eyomileyo. eziphambili imibala zabo: obomvu, omnyama, oluhlaza, omhlophe, tyheli wanoburhalarhume. Bona ibonisa imiboniso yenkundla kunye Imizobo zonqulo kumxholo wenkundla ngaphaya engcwabeni ukuba balindelwe yonke umphefumlo emva kokufa.

Sunset inkcubeko Egyptian

Xa ubukumkani kade karhulumente yawa kwamazinyo, ngoko yoyiswa uBukhosi baseRoma. Kwathi ngale ndlela: etroneni indawo ngoofaro ezininzi. Abanye babo baye nomphakathi ezinkulu (ezifana Amenhetep III). Ezi kumkani ziye zanda kakhulu imida impahla zabo, ebakhuthaza ukuba kummandla Aram.

Ezinye koFaro okanye encinane inxaxheba kwimicimbi karhulumente, okanye Kucetyiswa utshintsho olukhulu. Ngoko Akhenaten wenguquko wazala Tutankhamun, ngubani waphupha nokudala lenkolo entsha Sun uThixo (Ra). Noko ke, wakhe wokuguqula akuphumelelanga ngokupheleleyo, kwaye urhulumente yawa kwamazinyo.

Oonobangela kunye neziphumo nokwehla waseYiputa

kwereyithi yokupasa emandleni mbali bamaYiputa ziye zabhalwa izinto ezimbini: ekuweni kwenkqubo yonqulo endala ezisekelwe deification likaFaro kunye umYiputa elite umzabalazo clan.

Le meko wokuqala enzulu kakhulu ukuba urhulumente, eyayibanjelwe kwinkolelo yokuba ukumkani, uyise abantu, kungaba bonke abantu bakhe kubumakade noThixo. Kings badla baziphethe ngokungafanelekileyo, kwaye sekucaca nokuba abantu abaqhelekileyo. Ukongeza, kule iingxande waba ngukumkani ukunyelisa, ngamayelenqe nokubulala (endleleni, Egyptologists amaninzi lubonisa ukuba uninzi ookumkani ooFaro abazange kufa ukufa zendalo).

Clan umzabalazo ngaphakathi elite yaseYiputa yakhula kwaye kwakhokelela ekubeni iinkokheli zomkhosi wathi ngokwabo ngoofaro yaye wayefuna ukuba uhlele ingxenye ethile eYiputa. Oku owenza iipokotho kwaye aliphelelanga, ke ngoko, sesichengeni kwizintlu kwamanye amazwe.

Konke oku kwakhokelela ukuba iYiputa iwile abaselula neqhayiya inkokeli zomkhosi Alexander Omkhulu, eyaziwa phantsi Ukuhlasela-mkhosi. Kwaye emva kokufa koyisa enkulu karhulumente baseYiputa kwangethuba yaye ngesiquphe sele udlule komnye noogxa bakhe - uPtolemy.

Ngaloo ndlela kwaqalisa ubukumkani karhulumente yalapha Ptolemaic Minor. Ikomkhulu laseYiputa ngoko safudukela kwisixeko saseAleksandriya, owaye- dumile kangangeenkulungwane zethala yayo emangalisayo. I-Egypt efanayo kakhulu ukusuka uhlanga kanye unamandla ijikwe ibe ilizwe kwezolimo nto leyo umniki ukutya ihlabathi lamandulo.

Ubukumkani yamandulo baphulukana ngonaphakade inkululeko yawo. Ukumkanikazi wokugqibela kaPtolemy yaba uhlobo abadumile ubuhle Cleopatra. Yena wazibulala xa waqonda ukuba imikhosi yamaRoma bakulungele ukuphucwa yakhe etroneni yakhe. Ekubeni Egypt iye yaba lelinye lawona maphondo inzima uBukhosi baseRoma.

Meaning impucuko Egyptian

Abaninzi ababephila ngexesha zethu sazane kakuhle imbali yamandulo. LaseYiputa phakathi kwezinye Eyokuqala ithi kunye nendawo uzuko. Ngoku Abakhenkethi abaninzi ukuza kweli lizwe ayikho kangako ngenxa imozulu eshushu, kodwa ngenxa Iihambo ezinkulu kumaziko yamandulo.

Ukuze uphuhliso lwabantu ithetha lukhulu impucuko umYiputa. Wabonisa umzekelo inkqubo karhulumente. A iziko elinamandla nenobunye yokuba amaziko afana ngokwasentlalweni, njengoko umkhosi kakuhle, ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo yembono, inkqubo yemfundo noqeqesho, enika iziphumo ezihle kakhulu ngokubanzi. Urhulumente uba yinkokeli kubamelwane zawo, ngoko uyakwazi ukufumana indawo ephakamileyo kwaye inika amalungu ayo ingqiqo ukhuseleko isalamane kunye nokuzithemba.

Imbali ezahlukeneyo yamandulo laseYiputa kunye nempucuko yayo - umzekelo omkhulu karhulumente.

Hi ndlela leyi, isiprofeto seBhayibhile sazaliseka kunye nesiqalo nokufika ixesha elitsha impucuko yamandulo baphulukana ngonaphakade isimo yayo njengendlela ngamandla amakhulu.

Kamva esi simo phantsi kuloyiso Arab, ngoko namhlanje, Egypt lelinye lamazwe Arabhu. abantu bomthonyama, ebizwa Copts, waba ezinye ucalucalulo ngenxa t mhaka. To. Aba bantu amaKristu ohlala kwilizwe Muslim.