Ubume iziko cell. iimpawu noshowo iziko yeseli

Oku kubonakaliswa ukuba iiseli eziphilayo eukaryotic zinikwa imifinya inkqubo, organelles ezenza iiproteins kunye nokwakheka phospholipid. Noko ke, lo mgaqo kukho umnyinyiva ebalulekileyo. organelle ezimbini (iziko iseli kunye ribosome), kwakunye organelles zezindululo (isiliya kunye misila) na isakhiwo non-ndizayo. Ntoni ukuba lakheke? Kweli phepha siya kuzama ukufumana impendulo yalo mbuzo, kwakunye ukufunda isakhiwo iiseli iziko yeseli, ezidla ngokubizwa ngokuba centrosome.

ingaba iiseli ziqulathe zonke iziko yeseli

Into yokuqala ukuba izazinzulu abanomdla - ubukhona ozikhethelayo yale organelle. Ngoko ke, fungi ephantsi - Chytridiomycota - yaye izityalo aphezulu akunjalo. Njengoko kuvela ulele, kwiiseli zabantu kwizilwanyana ezininzi phambi kweziko iseli kuyimfuneko ukuba effectuate iinkqubo mitosis kunye meiosis. Indlela yokuqala ukwabelana iiseli somatic, kunye nezinye - sex. nxaxheba olugunyazisiweyo kuzo zombini iinkqubo zikhetha centrosome. Divergence centrioles zayo nezibonda yeseli lahlule kunye therebetween tensioning edibanise kwaye inikeza zixhobo chromosome iqhotyoshelwe kule nebomvu nezibonda zayo kwiseli unina.

izifundo Microbe yatyhila iinkalo iziko iseli eso sakhiwo. Liquka ukusuka kwelinye ukuya kwimibutho ezininzi ashinyeneyo - centrioles apho diverge microtubules fanwise. Siza kufunda ngakumbi inkangeleko kunye nolwakhiwo iziko cell.

Centrosome ezitokisini interphase

In umjikelo wobomi izihlunu iziko iseli kunokubonwa kwixesha ekuthiwa interphase. Kufutshane inwebu isiqalo ngokuqhelekileyo microcylinder ezimbini. Ngamnye kubo luquka tubules protini eziqokelelwe iziqwenga ezintathu (ezintathu). Abasithoba kwezi zakhiwo zenze centrioles kumphezulu. Xa ababini kubo (eyihleleyo rhoqo), ukuba ibekwe omnye komnye kwi-engile. Ebudeni bexesha ubomi phakathi kwamacandelo amabini isakhiwo iseli embindini iseli ifana kakhulu kuzo zonke eukaryotes.

Le ultrastructure le centrosome

Ukuze ukufunda ngokweenkcukacha isakhiwo kweziko yeseli kwenzeka ngenxa ukusetyenziswa kwe kwemikroskopu. Izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba iisilinda centrosome le milinganiselo ilandelayo: ubude balo - 0.3-0.5 microns, ubukhulu - 0.2 microns. centrioles Inani ngokuyimfuneko kabini phambi hlula. Oku kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba iiseli kanye unina nentombi wafumana ngokwahlula iziko yeseli, ezibandakanya centrioles ezimbini. Iimpawu kweziko iseli yesakhiwo amanga neqiniso yokuba centrioles ukuba zenze oko, kodwa twatse, omnye wabo - abaqolileyo (unina) - iqulethe izinto ezongezelelweyo: isathelayithi peritsentriolyarny kunye ezihlobene yayo. centriole ubuntwana has indawo ethile ebizwa uqilikibhode.

centrosomes Ukuziphatha ngexesha mitosis

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ukukhula kumzimba, ngokunjalo yokuzala yayo kwenzeka kwiyunithi eziziziqalelo kwinqanaba zasendle, nto leyo iseli. isakhiwo yeseli, indawo kunye nomsebenzi esiseleni, ngokunjalo cytology yayo organelles ingqalelo. Ngaphandle kokuba abaphandi ziqhube uphando oluninzi, iziko iseli ayikaqondwa kakuhle, nangona indima yayo eqeleni iseli cacisa ngokupheleleyo. Xa prophase of mitosis kunye meiosis xa prophase of centrioles meiosis diverge ukuya izibonda ezo yeseli nonina, phambili ukuyilwa yokusonta intambo. Baya qhoboshela centromeres zofuzo constriction ephambili. Kutheni kuyimfuneko?

Anaphase othini cell

Amalinge of Boveri, uNeil A. kunye nezinye izazinzulu ziye zasekwa ukuba isakhiwo kweziko yeseli kunye nemisebenzi yayo zihlobene. Ukubakho centrioles ezimbini, disorder elahliweyo ngokuphathelele izibonda iiseli, nemisonto yokuluka therebetween kuqinisekisa lude ukusasazwa zofuzo idityaniswe microtubules, ngamnye izibonda cell umzali.

Ngenxa yoko, inani chromosome iyafana kwizisele intombi ngokusebenzisa mitosis okanye isiqingatha (in meiosis) ngaphezu iseli umzali yokuqala. Ingakumbi umdla kukuba isakhiwo kweziko yeseli kunye notshintsho correlative ezinxulumene amanqanaba umjikelo wobomi cell.

uhlalutyo lwekhemikhali of organelles

Ukuze ngcono ukuqonda umsebenzi kunye nendima isifundo centrosome, yintoni na le khompawundi eziphilayo zibandakanyiwe kumafa yayo. Njengoko kwakulindelekile, ziiproteni phambili. Kwanele ukuba ukukhumbula ukuba isakhiwo yeseli inwebu kunye nokusebenza nazo zixhomekeke kubukho neemolekyuli peptide kuyo. Qaphela ukuba iiproteni centrosome ilifa motility. Bayinxalenye microtubules zibizwa ngokuba tubulins. Ukufunda isakhiwo sangaphandle kunye lwangaphakathi lweziko yeseli, ngazo izinto abancedisayo: Hewana peritsentriolyarnye kunye ezihlobene centrioles. Ziquka tseneksin kunye miritsitin.

Kukho kwakhona ziiproteni elawula ukutshintshiselana izinto organelle. Le kinase kunye phosphatase - peptides ezithile onoxanduva microtubule nucleation, oko kukuthi, ukuze kwakhiwe imolekyuli-imbewu esebenzayo, oqalisa kunye Yindibanisela ukukhula iphiramidi ebonisa unxibelelwano kunye microfilaments.

iziko Iseli ngokuba umhleli iiprotheni ezinezikhondo

Xa cytology ekugqibeleni ukuqinisa ukuqonda centrosome njengoko organelle engundoqo elijongene kwakhiwe microtubules. Ngenxa izifundo kwiqela K. Fultonamozhno bathi iziko yeseli libonelela le nkqubo ngeendlela ezine. Umzekelo: zixhobo polymerizing yokuluka, ukwakha protsentrioley, ukudala inkqubo iphiramidi ebonisa zonke microtubules leeseli interphase, yaye ekugqibeleni, kuyondelelaniswe leziqalelo kwi cilium zaseprayimari. Le ezizodwa zemfundo, nto leyo uphawu ngenxa centrioles umzali. Ngokufundisisa isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi yeseli inwebu, abaphandi bakufumana phantsi kwemikroskopu kwiziko kwiseli emva kolwahlulo iseli mitotic, okanye ekuqaleni mitosis. Le G2 isigaba interphase ngokunjalo kwi nisaqala oma cilium prophase. Ngokutsho lulwakhiwo imichiza, kuba iqulathe molecule tubulin luphawu leyo kumiselwa ngumzali centriole oqolileyo. Ekubeni ekukhuleni centrosomes kwenzeka? Cinga zonke bokuqonda kwale nkqubo.

Izigaba centrioles ukubunjwa

Cytology esekwe ukuba igatha lwakwa- nomzali centrioles, ukwakha diplosomu ayifani kubume. Ngenxa yoko, isakhiwo oqolileyo fringed umaleko peritsentriolyarnogo iziyobisi - halo mitotic. intombi centrioles nokuvuthwa epheleleyo iza kuthatha ixesha elide ngaphezu ngexesha elinye ubomi iiseli. Ekupheleni kwale Inqanaba lesibini komjikelo yeseli G1 centriole entsha sele ukhonza umhleli microtubules nabanako wokusungula imisonto yokuluka, kananjalo nokusekwa intshukumo organelle ezizodwa. Ngazo kungaba isiliya kunye misila esivulekayo lenyama kwiseli (umz, Euglena eluhlaza, ciliate-izihlangu), kwaye kananjalo ezininzi algae Chlamydomonas umzekelo. microtubules misila esekwe iziko yeseli, baxhotyiswa spores ulwelwe ezininzi kunye neeseli intsholongwane kwezilwanyana nabantu.

Indima centrosome kumsebenzi yeseli

Siye sabona ukuba enye organelles mncinane eyiselula (kuthatha ngaphantsi kwe-1% ye-iiseli) lidlala indima ephambili ummiselo pathways zombini iiseli izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Ukuphazamiseka kwendlela othini ibandakanya ukuyilwa iiseli intombi zonakeleyo zofuzo. iiseti zabo zofuzo ezahlukileyo mali eqhelekileyo, okukhokelela chromosomal aberrations. Ngenxa yoko - uphuhliso ngabantu ezingaqhelekanga okanye ukufa kwabo. Xa amayeza, eyasekwa ukuba ukuzalana inani centrioles umngcipheko wokuhlaselwa ngumhlaza womlomo. Umzekelo, ukuba iiseli ulusu eqhelekileyo ziqulathe centrioles ezimbini, ijwabu biopsy kwi umhlaza ulusu kubonisa ukwanda kwenani labo ukuya ku 4.6. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa indima ephambili centrosome kwi kolawulo sisahlula cell. Iinkcukacha zakutsha nje zovavanyo zibonisa indima ebalulekileyo yale organelle kwiinkqubo zezithuthi intracellular. Isakhiwo unique kweziko iseli ivumela ukuba kuhlengahlengiswa njengoko uhlobo iiseli, kunye notshintsho yayo. Ngesiqhelo ekuphuhliseni iiyunithi centrosome zibekwe kufutshane isixhobo Golgi, kufuphi ngumongo, kunye nabo ibonelela ezimanyanisayo kunye ebonisa imisebenzi ekuphumezeni mitosis, meiosis, yaye ukufa kweeseli - apuptoza. Kungenxa yoko le nto cytological mihla ingqalelo i sigqibo esalimanyanisa iiseli ebalulekileyo organelle centrosome, unoxanduva ulwahlulo zayo zombini, kwaye yonke nethe ngokubanzi.