Formula ammonia. Ammonium hayidroksayidi - ammonia zolwelo

Ammonia - hydrogen ephuculweyo - enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo iikhompawundi ye-nitrogen kunye hydrogen. Le gas ngaphandle umbala kodwa livumba ivuza. Ukwakheka imichiza ibonisa ammonia ifomula - NH _3. Ukwanda xi okanye ukuncipha lobushushu mbandela kukhokelela ekubeni abe wayo ulwelo enemibala. gas Ammonia kunye nezisombululo yayo ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kushishino kunye nezolimo. Iyeza lisetyenziswa-10% ammonium hayidroksayidi - ammonia.

Ubume kwemolekyuli. formula ammonia Electronic

A ephuculweyo hydrogen molecule zimile yephiramidi, isiseko apho nitrogen yesondo athom ezintathu hydrogen. N-H isibopho sisuke ngamaza ngamandla. Nitrogen ngwa ngamandla isibini electron ayikokubambana ngendlela. Ngoko ke, kukho intlawulo elibi oluhlala phezu N athom, ezakhayo - sigxile hydrogen. Ukuqonda lo msebenzi ubonelela umfuziselo kwemolekyuli, i elektroniki kunye nefomula noshowo ammonia.

hydrogen ephuculweyo enyibilikayo kakhulu emanzini (700: 1 kwi-20 ° C). Ukuba protons kakhulu ezamahala ekhokelela kuseko hydrogen "kwo" multiple ukuba xhuma phakathi molecule. Iimpawu ngesakhiwo gqithisela kwakhona kukhokelela ekubeni ammonia lulula kwegesi ngokwandisa koxinzelelo okanye ukuthoba iqondo lobushushu (-33 ° C).

Imvelaphi yegama

Igama elithi "ammonia" Ndaziswa ekuhlaleni academic ngo 1801 xa ecetyiswa yasekhemesti Russian Ya Zakharova, kodwa into eqhelekileyo eluntwini ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Gas nge ivumba elitsarhayo kukhutshwa ngexesha ukubola iimveliso inkunkuma ye-oganikhi khompawundi ezininzi, umz, iiprotheni kunye urea kwi yokubola neetyuwa. Ababhali-mbali of chemistry bakholelwa ukuba le nto kwathiwa igama emva uthixo amandulo aseYiputa Amun. Siwa (Amon) yi enamanzi North Afrika. Singqongwe i Libyan entlango kumabhodlo esi sixeko sidala kunye etempileni, ecaleni apho kukho imali ebekiweyo ze ammonium chloride. Le into eYurophu, ebizwa ngokuba 'ityuwa-Amon. " Yalondolozwa ngokwesithethe abemi eliyi Siwa weva ityuwa etempileni.

hydrogen ephuculweyo

usomachiza IsiNgesi physics R. Boyle ukuhlola wayitshisa umgquba waphawula ukuyilwa komsi emhlophe ukusuka swab nkxu zehydrochloric acid yoko kwangena jet werhasi. Ngowe-1774, enye usomachiza waseBritani J. Priestley Akazifudumeza ammonium chloride kunye islaked kwaye sukube eyabelwe. UPriestley ebizwa compound "Umoya obrak", kuba iimpawu zayo isisombululo wabonisa isiseko buthathaka. Wafumana ingcaciso amava Boyle, apho ammonia ke awasabela ngayo kunye zehydrochloric acid. Solid ammonium chloride white kwenzeka phezu zoqhagamshelwano reactants molecule e emoyeni.

formula lwemichiza ammonia elenziwa into 1875 K. Berthollet ngu engumFrentshi lowo wenza uphando malunga yokubola kwezinto zibe kumacandelo alo yi wokuqhuba yombane. De kube ngoku, amalinge uPriestley, Boyle Berthollet sizale elabhoratri ukuvelisa hydrogen ephuculweyo kunye ammonium chloride. indlela Industrial eziveliswe H. Le Chatelier ngo-1901, bafumana ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza ukuba indlela Yindibanisela into-nitrogen kunye hydrogen.

A nesisombululo ammonia. Formula neepropati

Isisombululo ammonia zolwelo kubhalwa ngokuqhelekileyo ngokohlobo hayidroksayidi - NH ₄ OH. Yena kwimiboniso iimpawu kwealkali obuthathaka:

• dissociates zibe ion H. ₃ + H ₂ O = H. ₄ OH = H. ₄ ^{+ +} WO ^_-;
• isisombululo ਫ਼ੂਜਿੰਗ inkqubo egazi i elibomvu;
• ke baye iasidi ukwenza ityuwa namanzi;
• ngokwemvula Cu (OH) ₂ njengokuba into oluhlaza oqaqambileyo xa zixutywe iityuwa zobhedu emanzini.

Le lizama kwi indlela ammonia ukuxhumana amanzi ehlela ukuya izinto yokuqala. Osuke hydrogen ephuculweyo kutshisa kakuhle kwioksijini. Oku kwenzeka nitrogen igcwala kwiimolekyuli diatomic into elula N2. Ukuncitshiswa iipropati nayo ebonisa ammonia kwi indlela nge oxide zobhedu (II).

Intsingiselo ammonia kunye nezisombululo

Ephuculweyo hydrogen ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso neetyuwa kunye ne-nitric acid - enye iimveliso eziphambili lweshishini lemichiza. Ammonia ke ekrwada ukuba yesoda zokufunda (njengoko indlela nitrate). Hydrogen isiqulatho ephuculweyo namuhla isisombululo wamandla ifikelela 25%. Kwezolimo, sebenzisa ammonia zolwelo. Formula ulwelo isichumiso - NH ₄ OH. Le into esetyenziswa ngqo ukuze avale phezulu. Ezinye iindlela zomhlaba nitrogen zokuzikhulisa - ukusetyenziswa neetyuwa nitrate Ammonium, kloride, phosphate. Xa iimeko mveliso kunye neendawo zezolimo ayikhuthazwa ukugcina kunye nezichumiso equlathe neetyuwa kunye alkalis. Xa impahla breakage sopakisho unako zisenokuxabana nezinye ukwenza ammonia, ndimkhulule ibe kwizithuba emoyeni. compound zinetyhefu kuchaphazela inkqubo yokuphefumla, inkqubo luvo. Umxube ammonia ne zomoya, kuyinto Uyadubula.