Nitrogen. iimpawu nitrogen

Ukunika wazala nitrate - njengoko Liguqulwe lithatyathwa kwigama lesiLatini Nitrogenium. Le isihloko nitrogen - imichiza element ezinenani atom-7, intloko-15 iqela sh kwinguqulelo elide lwezakhi. Xa uhlobo lwe kwento elula iqulunqwe umhlaba kwasasazwa ingxowa yomoya - emoyeni. Iintlobo ngeentlobo initrogen ezifumaneka kolu qweqwe lomhlaba, kunye eziphilayo ezisetyenziswa kumashishini, emkhosini, ezolimo kunye namayeza.

Kutheni nitrogen ebizwa ngokuba 'umoya' yaye 'ezingaphiliyo'

Njengoko mbali of chemistry bacebisa kuqala got le nto elula uHenry Cavendish (1777). Scientific kudlula umoya phezu kwamalahle avuthayo, ukuze nokufunxwa lweemveliso indlela kukudliwa kwealkali. Ngenxa yamava ngumphandi wafumana igesi ezingenambala kwaye ayinavumba, amalahle unreacted. Cavendish wayibiza ngokuba 'umoya' ubhobhoyi 'ukuba ukungakwazi ukugcina zokuphefumla komlilo.

Modern Chemical sachaza ukuba mpilo wasabela ngokuba amalahle, icarbon dioxide kwakheka. Esiseleyo "bhe" zezulu yaba ukuba inkoliso iimolekyuli N _2. Cavendish kunye nezinye izazinzulu ngexesha ngalo mba, kodwa bengazi, nangona nitrogen kunye nitrate khompawundi koko zaye zazisetyenziswa kuqoqosho. Le Isazinzulu waxelela malunga igesi engaqhelekanga ukuba umntu osebenza naye ukuba aqhube imifuniselo ezifanayo - uJoseph Priestley.

Ngelo xesha Carl Scheele arhola ingqalelo icandelo ezingaziwayo zezulu, kodwa wasilela ukuchaza kakuhle imvelaphi yawo. Kuphela Daniel Rutherford ngo-1772, waqonda ukuba amalinge langoku "phambili esingise" "ibhuqiwe" igesi - nitrogen. Ezinye izazinzulu zikholelwa discoverer wayo - nangoku iingxoxo mbali yenzululwazi.

kwiminyaka eli-15 emva kokuba experiments kaRutherford semichiza odumileyo Antuan Lavuaze ecetywayo endaweni umoya elithi "wayibhuqayo" libhekisela nitrogen, kwelinye - Nitrogenium. Xa xesha angqina ukuba lo mgubo akabi, akaxhasi ukuphefumla. Kwakukho igama "nitrogen" Russian, oko kukuthi ngentetho evakalayo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Amaxesha amaninzi bathi eli gama lithetha "ezingaphiliyo '. Izifundo ezilandelayo ziye wawancamisa ekuhleni inkolelo ngokubanzi malunga neempawu kwezinto. initrogen - kwiiproteni - i macromolecules enkulu nokwakheka eziphilayo. Ukuze ukwakha izityalo ukufunxa emhlabeni bezimbiwa yesondlo izinto eziyimfuneko - ^2- ion _NO-3 kunye NH ^4+.

Nitrogen - into imichiza

Ukuqonda isakhiwo atomic neempawu inceda inkqubo ngamaxesha athile (PS). Indawo isiqalelo kwemichiza kwi lwezakhi uyakwazi ukuchaza isigxina enyukliya, inani protons kunye neutron (inani mass). Kuyimfuneko ukuba banikele ingqalelo ixabiso mass atom - le yenye iimpawu eziphambili element. xesha, inani liyangqinelana nenani amanqanaba amandla. Inguqulelo emfutshane inombolo itafile Group periodic liyangqinelana nenani elektroni kwinqanaba energaticheskom lwangaphandle. Eshwankathela data kwi iimpawu ngokubanzi nitrogen ngokuthi endaweni yayo kwinkqubo ngamaxesha:

• Le yinkalo non-eqaqambileyo bubuhle na kwikona engasentla ekunene the SS.
• uphawu Chemical: N.
• Inombolo Property: 7.
• Relative mass atomic: 14,0067.
• Formula aziphethe iikhompawundi hydrogen: H. ₃ (ammonia).
• Forms eliphezulu oxide N _{2 O-5,} nto leyo lilingana valency-nitrogen V.

Ulwakhiwo nitrogen ingaphezulu:

• intlawulo zenyukliya +7.
• Inani protons: 7; inani neutron: 7.
• Inani Amanqanaba Energy: 2.
• Inani elipheleleyo elektroni: 7; e ifomula: 1 ² 2 ² 2p ^3.

Iinkcukacha bafunda izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ozinzileyo № element 7, amanani zabo ubunzima - 14 no 15. Umxholo we atom ukukhanya leyo 99,64%. Eziba Isotope obufutshane-radioactive naye protons-7, kunye nenani neutron iyahluka kunene: 4, 5, 6, 9, 10.

Nitrogen endalweni

Njengenxalenye yale molekyuli zezulu abakhoyo emhlabeni esingxotyeni into elula, ogama ifomula - N _2. Umxholo berhasi nitrogen emoyeni imalunga 78,1 umthamo%. iikhompawundi zondle i element kwemichiza kwi kuqweqwe lomhlaba - iityuwa ezahlukeneyo Ammonium kunye nitrate (niter). Zithako formula kunye amagama ezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo:

• NH _3, ammonia.
• NO _2, nitrogen dioxide.
• Nano ₃ Sodium Nitrate.
• (H. _{4) 2} SO _4, ammonium sulfate.

Le Valence ye-nitrogen in yokugqibela khompawundi ezimbini - IV. Amalahle, umhlaba, eziphilayo nazo ziqulathe N atom ekwimo yento. Nitrogen isisahlulo amino acids macromolecules, DNA kunye nucleotides RNA, iihomoni kunye mpilo. Umxholo iyonke element kwemichiza emzimbeni womntu ifikelela 2.5%.

into elula

Nitrogen ngokwemo iimolekyuli diatomic - umthamo mkhulu ubunzima zezulu umoya. Iziyobisi, ogama ifomyula N _2, akukho ivumba, umbala kunye nemvakalo. Le gas ingaphezulu kwe 2/3 umoya umhlaba esingxotyeni. I-nitrogen engamanzi kukho into enemibala emihle, efana amanzi. Amathumba kubushushu ka -195,8 ° C. M (N ₂₎ = 28 g / Mol. Simple into bit lula ioksijini, initrogen, umoya, ukuxinana yayo ikufutshane ku-1.

I-atom kwi Ukuzimanya molecule ngokuqinileyo 3 ekwabelwana ngababini electron. Umchiza liveza ukumelana eliphezulu acid, izahlule oksijini kunye nezinye izinto sukube. Ukuze molecule nitrogen zahlulwe zaba athom enqila kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa amandla 942,9 kJ / Mol. Zoqhagamshelwano ngababini ezintathu elektroni uyaqina, iqala ukuba ndiludilize xa utshiwe ngaphezu kwe-2000 ° C.

ngokwenza oko kwenzeka phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, le dissociation of molecule athom. Zemichiza inertness kwakhona kubangelwa nitrogen ukungabikho epheleleyo wokwephuka kwi molecule ayo. Zihlangana okwanamhlanje nenye, nto leyo esebenza imeko sukube of mbandela uxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo kubushushu kufutshane lobushushu egumbini. umsebenzi chemical Low-nitrogen lwalusanda kusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo kunye nezixhobo ezahlukeneyo apho kuyimfuneko ukudala imeko egalelwe.

Dissociation molecule N ₂ kunokwenzeka phantsi kwempembelelo radiation elanga kwi phezulu emoyeni. nitrogen Atomic ibunjiwe, leyo idityaniswe izinto ezithile zesinyithi okanye nonmetals phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo (phosphorus, isalfure, esiyityhefu). Isiphumo ke Yindibanisela kweemeko zomhlaba izinto kokuba ifunyenwe ngokungangqalanga.

nitrogen valency

I engaphandle electron Iqokobhe atom ukwakha 2 s 3 kunye p electron. Ezi nitrogen ukumbombozela kunokuba ukunika amasuntswana xa sinxulumane namanye izinto ezihambelana iipropati yayo ekunciphiseni. Esasayame octet zilahlekile 3 electron atom ebonisa ikhono oxidative. Electronegativity nitrogen ngezantsi iimpawu zayo ebuntsimbi angaphantsi iqapheleka obungaphezu fluorine, ioksijini kunye chlorine. Xa ukuzibandakanya ezi imichiza nitrogen unika electron (oxidize). Ukunciphisa ukuba unako ezimbi kulandelwe indlela namanye isinyithi kunye nonmetals.

UMbane oQhelekileyo nitrogen Valence - III. Kulo mzekelo, izitropu yamachiza akhiwa engaphandle p-nokutsala elektroni kunye nokudalwa (ibambane) isibini eqhelekileyo. Nitrogen iyakwazi zokubumba donor-acceptor bond ngenxa isibini yayo omnye of elektroni, njengoko Ammonium ion H. ^4+.

Ukufumana elabhoratri noshishino

iindlela Enye laboratory esekelwe kwiipropati oxidative of oxide yobhedu. Sebenzisa nitrogen compound ne hydrogen - ammonia NH _3. Oku ezingemnandi elimnandi vzaimoddeystvuet nerhasi olungumgubo oxide lobhedu emnyama. Indlela abasabela ngenxa ivelisa nitrogen kwaye kubonakala ubhedu sisinyithi (ngumgubo ebomvu). Sibekwe phezu kweendonga ityhubhu waterdrops - omnye imveliso reaction.

Enye indlela laboratory esebenzisa compound nitrogen kunye nesinyithi - azide, umzekelo NaN _3. Afunyenwe igesi apho akuyomfuneko ukuba icocwe evela ezingcolisa.

Le laboratory lwenziwa yokubola ammonium nayitrayithi ukuya nitrogen kunye namanzi. Ukuqalisa indlela, kufudumeze iyafuneka, ngoko uhlelo kunye ngendaleko ubushushu (exothermic). Nitrogen iyasuleleka kunye ubumdaka, ngoko ke icocwe kwaye womile.

Ukulungiswa kwe-nitrogen kushishino:

• neyanamhlanje fraction komoya ulwelo - indlela, esebenzisa iimpawu ezibonakalayo-nitrogen neoksijini (ezahlukeneyo abilayo);
• chemical abasabela ngayo emoyeni kwamalahle avuthayo, Zingatyabuki;
• ngokwahlukana igesi adsorptive.

Ukusebenzisana isinyithi kunye hydrogen - iimpawu oxidizing

Inertia molekyuli oluthe awukuvumeli ezinye kuyondelelaniswe ngqo initrogen. Ukuze isebenze i-atom eziyimfuneko ukufudumeza eyomeleleyo okanye isiyobisi zokukhanya. Initrojeni kuphendula lithium kubushushu igumbi, kunye nemagnesium, calcium kunye isodiyam, basabela aqhubeke kuphela ukufudumeza. Esihambelanayo nitrides metal kwakheka.

Ukusebenzisana-nitrogen ne-hydrogen lwenzeka kwi lobushushu eliphezulu kunye noxinzelelo. Kwakhona le nkqubo ifuna kuvala. Ammonia wafumana - enye umchiza amagama ibalulekileyo. Nitrogen, njenge-arhente oxidizing, ibonisa zabo tri negative igcwala ithi:

• 3 (ammonia kunye nezinye nitrogen, hydrogen - nitrides);
• -2 (hydrazine N ₂ H _4);
• -1 (hydroxylamine H. ₂ OH).

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ephuculweyo - Ammonia - zilungiselelwe kukuninzi kushishino. Ingxaki enkulu ixesha elide yahlala inertness imichiza-nitrogen. imithombo yayo zempahla ekrwada baba nitrate, kodwa oovimba yezimbiwa waqalisa ukwehla ngokukhawuleza kunye nokukhula kwimveliso.

Impumelelo enkulu emalunga nenzululwazi nokuziqhelanisa yemichiza ibe nokudalwa ammonia nitrogen nitrogen ubuchule ngendlela engazange mveliso. Kwimiqolo ezizodwa kukusebenzisa amagama ngqo - inkqubo ingathityazwa phakathi nitrogen efunyenwe emoyeni kunye hydrogen. Xa ekudaleni iimeko kangangoko, ngokutshintsha ukuba kuvuselele yale yokusabela kwicala imveliso leyo, esebenzisa isivuno kuvala ammonia yi-97%.

Ukudibana ne mpilo - kuncitshiswe iimpawu

Ukuze uqalise indlela nitrogen neoksijini, kufuneka ukufudumeza namandla. Ilifa amandla awoneleyo arc ombane kunye obhobhozayo ngumbane ukuya emoyeni. Ezi zinto zibalulekileyo kwiQela apho nitrogen kwi igcwala wayo lithi HIV:

• 1 (nitrogen oxide (I) N ₂ O);
• -Phinde ngo 2 (NO-nitrogen monoxide);
• 3 (nitrogen oxide (III) N _{2 O-3,} HNO ₂ igaya acid, iityuwa nayitrayithi yalo);
• 4 (nitrogen dayokhsayidi (IV) NO _2);
• 5 (nitrogen pentoxide (V) N ₂ O _5, HNO ₃ nitric acid, nitrate).

Ixabiso lokwenzeka ngokwendalo

Izityalo ukufunxa ion ammonium kunye anions nitrate emhlabeni ezisetyenziselwa Yindibanisela ngayo lwemichiza iimolekyuli iiseli rhoqo aphilileyo. Atmospheric nitrogen iintsholongwane eziguqula enokukwazi ukuyifunda - amaqumrhu ezincinane ukwakha maqhuqhuva iingcambu legumes. Ngenxa yoko, eli qela kwezityalo lafumana ibhetri ofunekayo, oko kwenza umhlaba.

Ngexesha nezitshi kwenzeka igcwala indlela nitrogen. Le oxides iqhawulwa ukwenza asidi, ezi zihlanganisi zenitrogen ngenisa umhlaba emanzini. Ngenxa kumjikelo ngezinto zendalo rhoqo kwakhona koovimba zaso kolu qweqwe lomhlaba, umoya. iimolekyuli Complex organic equlethe nitrogen kumafa yayo, yonakele ziibhaktheriya kwi kumacandelo ezingaphiliyo.

ukusetyenziswa okusebenzayo

Nitrogen ibaluleke kakhulu yezolimo - a ityuwa emanzini kakhulu. Kwelifunekayo izityalo urea nitrate (isodiyam potassium, calcium), iikhompawundi Ammonium (amanzi ammonia, chloride, sulfate, ammonium nitrate).
Egalelwe iipropati nitrogen izityalo ukungakwazi ukukuqonda evela ngaphandle kukhokelela imfuneko ukwenza ngeedosi ezinkulu ngonyaka nitrate. Amalungu eziphilayo zezityalo bayakwazi ukugcina amandla macrocell "kwixesha elizayo", nto leyo isidima umgangatho kwimveliso. Uchatha nitrate e imifuno kunye neziqhamo kunokubangela yityhefu ebantwini, ekukhuleni yamathumba amabi. Ukongeza kwezolimo, initrogen zisetyenziswa kwezinye amashishini:

• nawokulungiselela imithi;
• ngokuba chemical Yindibanisela iikhompawundi ophezulu-eziphilayo;
• ekwenziweni neziqhushumbisi ukusuka trinitrotoluene (TNT);
• ekuveliseni nedayi.

NO oxide ifumana ukusetyenziswa kutyando, iyeza onesiphumo iintlungu. Ukulahleka koluvo xa igesi ukurhogele waphawula ukuba nkqu abaphandi yokuqala initrojeni iipropati imichiza. Ngoko kwakukho igama eqhelekileyo "igesi".

Ingxaki nitrate kwiimveliso zolimo

Le neetyuwa ze nitric acid - nitrate - eziqulathwe a anion zibangele ityala NO ^3. Kodwa wasebenzisa igama zelo qela kwezinto - nitrate ammonium. Nitrate zisetyenziselwa umanyolo amasimi, xa zokugcina, izitiya. Buyisa entwasahlobo ekuqaleni phambi kokutyala, ehlotyeni - ngokohlobo feedings ulwelo. Bebodwa, iyeza akuthethi yingozi enkulu kubantu, kodwa umzimba, ukuba eziguqulelwe kwi nitrites, ngoko zibe nitrosamines. Nayitrayithi NO ^2- ion - amasuntswana ezingenabungozi, bakufikise igcwala zesinyithi ayoni kwi molekyuli haemoglobin kwi ion trivalent. Kule meko, izinto eziphambili igazi lomntu kwaye isilwanyana angabi nako ukuthutha ioksijini kwaye susa icarbon dioxide emzimbeni.

Le yingozi kakhulu nitrate kungcoliseko lokutya impilo yabantu:

• yamathumba amabi, evela ukuguquka nitrate ukuba nitrosamines (umhlaza);
• uphuhliso yokudumba okwenziwa sisilonda sikabhobhosi,
• hypotension okanye umfutho;
• Ukungaphumeleli intliziyo;
• ukopha ukuphazamiseka
• izitshanguba ophezu kwesibindi, lo injeke kunye nophuhliso seswekile;
• uphuhliso ukusilela kwezintso;
• anaemia, inkumbulo kakuhle, ingqalelo kunye zobuntlola.

Ukusetyenziswa ngaxeshanye iimveliso ezahlukeneyo kunye amathamo amakhulu nitrate kukhokelela eziyityhefu oyingozi. Le mithombo ingaba izityalo, amanzi okusela, izitya inyama esele zenziwe. Efunxa emanzini acocekileyo kwaye upheka singanciphisa umsoco yeemveliso Nitrate. Uphando lufumanise ukuba amathamo eziphezulu iikhompawundi eziyingozi waphawula kwimveliso zobuntwana aze izityalo greenhouse.

Phosphorus - element Pnictogen

Atom imichiza ukuze kwikholam enye nkqo yenkqubo ngamaxesha athile, ukubonisa iimpawu ezifanayo. Phosphorus ise kwixesha wesithathu, libhekisela kwiqela-15, kwakunye initrogen. izinto Ulwakhiwo atom efanayo, kodwa kukho umahluko zokuhlola. Nitrogen kunye phosphorus ukubonisa elibi valency kunye namachibi karhulumente III xa iikhompawundi zabo isinyithi kunye hydrogen.

Ezininzi phosphorus reactions uqhubeke kwiqondo lobushushu zesiqhelo, i element afana esebenzayo. Ngaba wasabela ngokuba oxygen ukuze P ₂ O ₅ ngaphezulu oxide. Isisombululo zolwelo yale nto na iimpawu acid (metaphosphoric). Ngoxa ubilisa orthophosphoric acid ifunyenwe. Sichaza ezininzi iintlobo iityuwa, uninzi lwazo ezi nezichumiso izimbiwa, umzekelo superphosphates. Nitrogen, iphosphate khompawundi inxalenye ebalulekileyo kulo mjikelo mba kunye namandla kwiplanethi yethu, esetyenziswa mveliso, ezolimo kunye nezinye iinkalo.