Ammonium nitrate

Chemical ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3 ifomula leyo, ngokuba ixesha elide makwazeke ekhemisi, kodwa ngo 1659 oko kwavula IR Glauber. Kule ncwadi, indlela esasazeka elinye igama ngenxa yale ezimbaxa - nitrate ammonium. Ngaphandle ammonium nitrate yi ziikristale ezimhlophe ukuba hygroscopicity eliphezulu. Iqondo umchiza yi 235 ° C no 169,6 ° C ne ammonium nitrate uqala ukunyibilika. Kukho ezininzi iinguqulelo kancinane ngumkhenkce, ezo ukusebenza kakhulu ebalulekileyo iikhemikhali kunye neempawu zomzimba kunye nobukhulu bayo.

Umzekelo, ezi Umahluko ukuba iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo kufuneka ezahlukeneyo uhlobo crystal of emkhusaneni. Xa iyonke kukho ezintlanu ezinjalo nokulungalungiswa. Kuba ukuguqulwa lokuqala iphawulwa kwemilo cc yikristale emkhusaneni, kuba we2 5th - tetragonicheskaya ye-3 neye-4 - orthorhombic. Ngoko ngenxa yenguqu ukusuka kwenye ambaxa ukuya kwenye kwako ibhaqwe omncinane kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe ukunyuka kwiyunithi cell umthamo. Le ipropati yenza umahluko kwi zobumnini michiza. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, izinto loguqulelo IV onokuxinana 1,725 g / cm3, ukunyibilika lobushushu sele 139,4S °.

Ukunyibilika Ammonium Nitrate ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ikhulu iigrem amanzi 0 ° C 119 iigram ukwimo iyapheliswa kwiqondo lobushushu-25 ° C 212 grams sele lichithakale, yaye ngo-50 ° C - 346 grams ammonium nitrate. Ukongezelela, ammonium nitrate songanyibilikisswa pyridine, methanol kunye ethanol. Enye yezinto ebaluleke kakhulu compound izenzo ukuba isenzo nefuthe, okanye xa lobushushu kokugquma ukuba abangaphezu kwama-270 ° C, ammonium nitrate ubola, ebangela isiphumo Uyadubula.

Zalathisi uyakwazi ukuchaza imeko asidi, leyo iqulathe ammonium nitrate haydrolisis kunye inxaxheba wakhe equation reaction apho angabhalwa ngolu hlobo: NH4NO3 + H2O = NH4OH + HNO3 . Iamoniyam nayitreyithi Yenza idityaniswe izisombululo obrak. Ngenxa yoko ngayo ezinjalo ukuvelisa ammonia, kwaye inkqubo reaction ngokwayo isebenza yokusabela qualitative ukuya ammonium nitrate.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, into efunyenwe ngokuwuphumeza neutralization ka-60% HNO3. Njengoko-arhente lwaze wasebenzisa NH3 sikarhulumente sukube. Xa inkqubo ubushushu ekhululwe, nto leyo mayibhekiswe komphunga ngesisombululo Ammonium Nitrate kunye zezinto ezithile eziziphumo ngokohlobo granules.

Usebenziso oluqhelekileyo lwe Ammonium Nitrate yaba kwezolimo, njengokuba nitrogen isichumiso ezixabisekileyo. umchiza ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso iziqhushumbisi, kwakunye reagent - njengoko zirconium kuphela nezinto amafutha, ngexesha lokusebenza okutsha, izinto zenkunkuma yenyukliya. iipropati Physical nemichiza kunokubangela ukunyuka esisigxina ezifunwayo iziyobisi, ngoko imveliso yayo ikhula kwaye namhlanje ifikelela million tons 20 ngonyaka ngamnye, kunye recalculation of umcimbi nitrogen share.

Iamoniyam nayitreyithi Yenza zingafumaneka elebhu ngokuthobela izilumkiso lingqongqo ukhuseleko kunye nemigaqo yokhuseleko. Ukulungiselela le njongo, ngendlela elisetyenziswa ice webhate bathela kakhulu yaze yangxenga ifuthe lomanyano nitric acid kunye Ammonium hayidroksayidi (ammonia zolwelo). Ukuqhuba sinokuqondakala kuhle ukude, umz, kunye nokusetyenziswa ezandleni, nokuba kumgama ngokwaneleyo ekhuselekileyo ukusuka kwindawo yezisombululo exutyiweyo. Ukwenza ukusabela sikuko njalo iasidi ziya isisombululo ammonia kwi ukuhlolwa ngamaxesha lwe Isalathisi (litmus) ukuphumeza imeko reaction cala. Ngendlela efanayo yaye inika ulawulo phezu basabela. Xa kakhulu okusingqongileyo asidi - ezidityaniswe nesisombululo i candelo obrak, kunye vice versa.