Yokuhlanganisa: iipropati, Ukuhlelwa, inkcazelo, isicelo

Yokuhlanganisa aziwa ukusetyenziswa wazo kwishishini lokwakha ngenxa yokulungiselela eziphathekayo kunye nodaka asetyenziswe ekwakheni izakhiwo kunye nezinye izakhiwo. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi kubo, kwaye namhlanje kuza bachukumise phezu subgroups main okhoyo.

yokuhlanganisa Classification

Ngokutsho imvelaphi yazo ukuze iyingxaki yimeko iqela organic okanye ezingaphiliyo. Okokuqala bobabo asphalts ezahlukeneyo, tars, abe phezulu kunye tars. Eyona intsimi besicelo - lemveliso ezigquma uphahla apho nga ezibhijeleyo okanye uhlobo isiziba, yaye sezineentlobo ngeentlobo zezixhobo asphaltic ubungqina. Eyona kwizinga ezikhethekileyo zabo - hydrophobicity, okt ukukwazi ukuthambisa uthabathe urhulumente yokusebenza ngexesha ukufudumeza okanye ukuqhagamshelana kunye naluphi na ulwelo organic.

iqela lesibini - astringents ezingaphiliyo - ibandakanya zekalika, ityatyekwe kunye isamente. Bonke ezifunekayo kwinkqubo ukupheka ezahlukeneyo ngekhonkrithi kunye mortars. Imbonakalo yokuhlanganisa ezingaphiliyo thaca izinto emhlabeni okusila ukuba ipropati wokuxuba ngamanzi inkqubo aguquka abe lulwelo-zeplastiki intlama-like mass, lukhuni ukwenza ilitye ixesha elide.

Yintoni luni

Iimpawu eziphambili ezingaphiliyo yokuhlanganisa imvelaphi - hydrophilicity, plasticity ngamanzi kunye nentsebenziswano kunye nesakhono ukuze sifudukele imeko esiluqilima intlama semiliquid. Kuyinto ukwahluka kulo ukusuka qela lokuqala.

Ngu indlela lukhuni yokuhlanganisa ezingaphiliyo cinga umoya, amanzi ekuqhubeni into, acid autoclaved. Kuxhomekeke ekukwazini ngolwahlulo ekhawuntaleni elide kunye nesimo sezulu zendalo.

yokuhlanganisa Air lukhuni, Ngokusebenza kunye namanzi ukwenza iliwa eqinileyo, ungahlala kule meko emoyeni ixesha elide. Kodwa ukuba imveliso kunye izakhiwo ezenziwe ukusebenzisa kwabo, ngokuxhomekeka amafutha rhoqo, le amandla ziya kulahleka ngokukhawuleza. Izakhiwo kunye namaziko yolu hlobo lula bangenwe umonakalo.

Yintoni kweli qela? Ezi ngokwemveli ziquka gypsum astringents magnesian - udongwe, kwekalika umoya. Xa sijonga ukwakhiwa kwawo kwemichiza, yonke Eli qela, ngolu hlobo kwahlulwa ibe ezine. Oku kuthetha ukuba zonke yokuhlanganisa nomoya mhlawumbi ikalika (ngokususela calcium oxide) okanye magnesia (eziquka ezo Magnesite abuhlungu) okanye gypsum Umatshini esekwe ngokusekelwe calcium sulphate needs iglasi engamanzi - silicate potassium okanye isodiyam ezikhoyo ngendlela isisombululo zolwelo.

Yiya izinto 'zolwelo "

Ngoku makhe sijonge elinye iqela - yokuhlanganisa hydraulic. Batyekele lukhuni, umphelo nokugcina iimpawu amandla kokusingqongileyo, kungekuphela nje emoyeni, kodwa amanzi. Le khemikhali Ukubunjwa kwazo zinzima kwaye imele indibanisela oxides ezahlukeneyo.

Konke oku qela elikhulu, nazo, lungohlulwa lube isamente silicate imvelaphi kuhlanganiselo apho malunga ne-75% of silicates calcium (ubukhulu becala ukuthetha malunga ePortland isamente kunye neentlobo bakhe, eli qela yakha isiseko uluhlu izinto zokwakha zale mihla) kunye nenye iqelana - ukuqinisa aluminate ngokusekelwe calcium aluminate (abameli edume - zonke iintlobo zesamente alumina). Iqela lwesithathu ekubhekiswa romantsement kunye ikalika.

Yintoni yokuhlanganisa obizwa ngokuba iasidi ezingatshiyo? Oku - zwi lwesamente Acid langoku ngohlobo ngomxube somhlaba lokuguba zwi esantini nge electronic. Amvalele umxube onjalo isisombululo zolwelo sodium silicate okanye potassium.

A phawu uphawu iqela arhente acid-ndibopha na ubuchule babo, emva kokuphumelela lokuqala lukhuni emoyeni elide ngokwaneleyo ukuze kuchaswe impembelelo ngxwaba asidi ezahlukeneyo.

Organics ekwakheni

Okunye kakhulu kwama - yokuhlanganisa eziphilayo (equka, njengoko sele kuchaziwe, ingakumbi iintlobo asphalt kunye nezinto bituminous) kukho uhlobo eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Le asphalt efanayo imvelaphi ngokwendalo okanye. Lichaza oko ixutywe kunye ngebhitumene ngohlobo kwezimbiwa, yilimestone, okanye yelitye.

Xa asphalt ishishini lokwakha esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi ukwakha isakhiwo yendlela zokuchopha njengoko ngomxube wesanti, amahlalutye okanye ndityumze ilitye ngebhitumene. Ukubunjwa efanayo asphalt esetyenziswa njenge amanzi.

Yintoni itha? Oku - izinto eziphilayo (nokuba zendalo okanye ezenziwe ngumntu), apho isakhiwo - aphezulu hydrocarbon okanye izithako zabo equlethe initrogen, ioksijini nesalfure. Ububanzi yebhitumene libanzi kakhulu kwaye isusela ukusuka kwindlela kunye nezindlu ulwakhiwo amashishini ushishino kwemichiza kunye noshishino Ipeyinti le.

Ngu tars baqonde yokuhlanganisa komgquba ekwakhiweni leyo - carbohydrate enuka high-ezinto eziphilayo nezakhi zayo - sulphuric, acid kunye nitrogen.

iimpawu zabo luncedo

Iimfuneko ezingundoqo en- amaqela kweziphilayo yokuhlanganisa luqulathe ekubeni iqondo obaneleyo viscosity ngalo mzuzu lokunxibelelana kunye tiyeke owawuza iipropati uvikele eliphezulu ibonakale kwaye ilele ukwenza iifilimu ngamanzi. Enye imfuneko - ukukwazi ukugcina umgangatho data kwithuba elide.

Ezi yokuhlanganisa ukufumana ukusetyenziswa ekubekeni iindlela zayo kunye nezitalato mzi, bagqubuthele izikhululo kunye zeendlela, amalungiselelo zabahambi imigangatho angaphantsi kwezakhiwo kunye nezicelo zoshishino.

Ngoku makhe siqwalasele iintlobo ezisisiseko izinto isakhiwo kumaqela amabini kuluhlu. Khumbula kwakhona - iqela ezingaphiliyo kakhulu yahlulwe abo lukhuni emoyeni kunye nezo abakwaziyo ukuyenza xa zolwelo medium.

Astringents - izinto zokwakha

Kuhle-yaziwa nodongwe yeyona ixhaphakileyo yokuhlanganisa, lukhuni umoya. Eyifumanayo isicelo yalo ukwakhiwa ezahlukeneyo lwezakhiwo. It limela intlenge ngodongwe, ekhoyo ngomxube amasuntswana othuli ubungakanani yokungcoliswa isanti kunye nodongwe entle inclusions. Zincinane kubo kuthiwa entle. It ivumela ukufumaneka lwabo contact kwindawo efumileyo ijike ibe into intlama-like. Vysohnuv, lo moya zeplastiki ngokulula Ukuguqulwa kolwelo enembonakalo ngozi kuyo.

Ukuba imilo ukuba aqhumisele, ilitye elifakelweyo ngenxa yomfanekiso okhawulezayo sezingeni eliphezulu. Njengoko kwezinye yokuhlanganisa izimbiwa, ngenxa ubume ezahlukeneyo ngodongwe inokuba ezahlukahlukeneyo abangasekhoyo. Ukususela izisombululo kwi maziko zabo wayebeka nezitovu, kwakunye izitena ukubunjwa. Iiplastiki ezinqinileyo, kutyetyiswa kunye avareji. Udongwe has a eliyinjubaqa fireclay-character, kunjalo sele eli cebo maziko kunye nezitovu.

Yintoni lime

Enye eyaziwa kakuhle kakhulu kwaye umda ngeentlobo Umatshini yesicelo ekuthiwa ikalika zokwakha jukwini kwaye lufumaneka ngamatye ezizezi itshokhwe, dolomite, lekalika kunye lekalika. I oxide eyintloko inokuba nomahluko, ngokuxhomekeke emoyeni kwekalika lungohlulwa lube dolomite, magnesian, calcium. Zonke iintlobo ezintathu, uvutha imvelaphi ezikweni lekalika engqinelanayo.

Air abe ngekalika okanye quicklime okanye islaked (okanye ukuphilisa). Le yokugqibela abunjwe ngexesha elinye blanking ezintathu ngasentla.

Ukuba ukhangela kubambene lime ekhoyo, ungenza yithathe Komkova okanye umgubo. Quicklime yi ngokwaneleyo Amanqatha ezinkulu amazwe. Ngexesha icima amanzi ngayo amiliswe ukusuka lime putty. Ukuze 'ukufumana' ukusuka Komkova ekalika yangumgubo, kufuneka avelise inkqubo ukuxovwa (ucimayo), okanye usile lunamahlwili amhlophe. Ingasetyenziswa njengoko ongeziweyo, kwaye ngaphandle kwazo. Kwezithako kanjanalo abe SLAG, izimbiwa esebenzayo kunye imvelaphi zwi isanti.

Zonke cast

Le nkcazelo ilandelayo - udaka, okwabizwa ngokuba gypsum. It iveliswa ngokubaphatha thermally batyumkileyo gypsum. Ukuguqulwa kolwelo Isichumisi, badlula isigaba ezintathu esiphakathi ekukho kuwo, kulandele zokuchithwa kunye crystallization ke kolloidatsiey. Xa edlula kwinqanaba lokuqala, umxube ifumile of dihydrate gypsum. Lukhuni, ayanda lube umphezulu emhlophe egudileyo.

ngombala Ukusebenzisa aninike amanqaku nawuphi gypsum umbala. Inkqubo ukutshona Umatshini iqhele iqala emva kokuphela imizuzu 4 ukususela ekuqaleni wokuxuba. End of Ukuqinisa kwenzeka kuluhlu ukusuka kwimizuzu engama-6 ukuya kwi-30 kamva.

Xa inkqubo ephilisa umxube gypsum kunye namanzi mix kwaye emnikelweni akuvumelekanga ukuze Ukunqanda umngcipheko yokulahlekelwa iimpawu ayikokubambana ngendlela. brand gypsum baninzi, baya zibonakaliswe ngamanani ezahlukeneyo, nezibonakalisa ngesidanga amandla compressive.

Wokuthengiswa zahlanganiswa kwiingxowa ezahlukeneyo ngobukhulu. Isichumisi isetyenziswa kakhulu kakhulu embindini kwezindlu kunye nezakhiwo zoluntu. Ukusuka nto ixesha elide athatyathiweyo ukulolonga iindidi imilo olugobileyo. Kugcine oko kufuneka ibe kuphela kwigumbi eyomileyo, kunye ezikhabhathini kuphela ngenxa yokulahleka kunokwenzeka ngamandla njengoko eyinhloko luncedo.

Nangaphezulu malunga maka

Ukwakha ukutyabeka ikhangeleka ngathi umbala umgubo ukusuka amdaka emhlophe. Ukuba uxutywe ngamanzi, yokusabela uphawu luqala, umxube itshiswa. Le gypsum kuthathwa ukongeza izinto ezikhethekileyo, kuwo izixhobo zokugcinwa, injongo - ukuphucula consistency ukubambelela ngexesha balutyabekayo kwaye yandisa kancinci ixesha lukhuni.

Ukwandisa inani ngaphandle yokulahlekelwa zeepropati, zilawulwa fillers (umz, perlite eyandisiweyo, okanye linguMika). Ekhethekileyo high-amandla gypsum into calcined kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu olunombala wamanzi isusiwe kuwo. ukuqaqadeka lakhe gama lanyuka iiyure eziyi-20, buguqulwe ubungwanyalala iphezulu kakhulu kunalowo kwezinye iintlobo.

Udaka buzane ukunika ibhastile (eqaqambileyo emhlophe, ngokucotha lukhuni yaye isetyenziselwa balutyabekayo imiphezulu zangaphakathi), kunye ukwenziwa ezahlukeneyo kuqaliswa kulo fillers kunye nabancedisi nokugcinwa. Ingongoma ephambili yale uninzi lwezi ongeziweyo - abe retarder. Ukuze ukuvelisa iiplasta zayo ilungiswe koomatshini udaka kongezwe fillers ezithile, ezifana nesanti kunokwenzeka.

Kulo ifunyenwe drywall okanye isakhiwo udaka iibhodi, gypsum kwakhona isetyenziswa zokugcwalisa nezidibanisi phakathi kwabo. Amaxesha amaninzi Isichumisi putty ukuba iipropati ezifanayo.

Thetha ukuqinisa

Ziziphi ezinye iimpawu ezi yokuhlanganisa hydraulic? Inkqubo yokuqaqadeka, eziqale emoyeni, kunabela emanzini, namandla kwabo igcinwe kwaye zize zibe nzima. abameli yoqobo kwaye yaziwa kakuhle yentsapho yokuhlanganisa hydraulic Kakade ke, ukuqinisa. Kokuba zibhalwe ngokuxhomekeke amandla kunye uphawu lwe isampuli ethile umiselwa ngokumisela umda umthwalo ukugoba kunye ucinezelo. Ngaphezu koko, ngalinye zeesampulu kufuneka senziwe ngokomlinganiselo efunyenwe zesamente nesanti kwaye kudlule ixesha elithile vavanyo iintsuku 28.

Isantya setting isamente, kakhulu, inokuba nomahluko - kade, eqhelekileyo okanye ukuzila. Ngokufanayo, kuxhomekeke izinga lukhuni inokuba nayiphi isamente esiqhelekileyo, isicwangciso eliphezulu-yokuqala okanye ezingaphezulu fast.

Ngokomzekelo, eli qela ingabizwa Portland isamente, apho ikhona ngumgubo ocoliweyo nozithobela Tint kancinane zana kwintshayelelo kunokwenzeka kwezithako, leyo be zeBlack granulated (zeBlack).

Malunga rate lukhuni

umgangatho wovavanyo (kunye necandelo lokuvelisa) yokuhlanganisa kuqhutywa ngokungqinelana nemigangatho ezininzi. Kuba nganye izigcawu eyenzelwe imida emiselwe imimiselo ngokumisela ekuqaleni nasekupheleni, nokubala ukususela ekudalweni wokuxuba ngamanzi.

Enye isamente - Aluminous - libhekisela Umatshini ngesanti kubunzulu baphantsi ngokukhawuleza-lukhuni. Ngenxa yale ngumgubo ocoliweyo brown, zingwevu, nokuba lube mnyama (ngokuxhomekeke indlela processing kunye namacandelo yokuqala). Ngokutsho fineness ngayo engaphezulwana nje kancinane kune ePortland yesamente kwaye ufuna umthamo elifuna omkhulu wamanzi.

iintlobo exube yokuhlanganisa - ezo nga lukhuni kwaye emoyeni, kunye zolwelo eliphakathi kwaye zisetyenziswa ekuvelisweni lubuyisela non-lwesamente okanye udaka.

Itha kunye nemida yayo

Njengoko kuba organic yokuhlanganisa kakhulu ethandwa, usapho lwabo luquka iintlobo ngetha, tar, kunye imibala ezisuka esimnyama limnyama. indawo Traditional apho yokuhlanganisa ezinjalo asetyenziswa, - ukusebenza ngamanzi. Le izinto lokwakha lobumanzi, manzi, ukumelana yemozulu kunye elastic kakhulu. Ithambise zidluliselwe kurhulumente engamanzi eli qela kunokuba yokuhlanganisa ukufudumeza. Nge lobushushu liyehla, ukunyuka zabo viscosity kwaye kulahleka ngokupheleleyo.

Eli qela ibandakanya bitumens semvelaphi yendalo, kwaye wafumana yi oil nokusulungekiswa. ukwakhiwa kwawo chemical - ezo molekyuli ezimbaxa oksijini, hydrogen, isalfure nitrogen. Xa kwakusakhiwa kwemfuno oyile yebhitumene (elulwelo, okuqinileyo kunye nezo eqinileyo).

Ngokutsho injongo yabo njengoko ekunokuthiwa omnye amaqela amathathu - nophahla, ukwakhiwa okanye indlela. Ukusuka uphahla bezilungiselele ukumithisa izinto Ukwakhiwa nophahla kwaye nivelisa mastics ezahlukeneyo.

itha Industrial esiluqilima elastically durum oluyi-ezincamathelayo ukusulungekiswa indlela nge amanyathelo ezongezelelweyo, apho ioli amathumba kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu. Ingakumbi ukumelana bubushushu nengqele zijongwa umehluko oxidised. Kukho kwakhona ngumxube yebhitumene kunye Iipholima eziphembelela degree of viscosity. Eyona uphawu bonke uyakwazi ukutshintsha ukuyondelelana, ngokuxhomekeke amaqondo obushushu, kunye kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo alternate ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Oku kusekelwe iipropati kwakuse yentsapho yokuhlanganisa bituminous.

Yintoni axabisekile

Ukwanda ratio yebhitumene phantsi sesichengeni eliphezulu lobushushu xa kuthelekiswa izinto izimbiwa kukuphinda 20-30 mkhulu. Kubaluleke kwizinga labo - ukumelana amanzi, ukumelana ityuwa, alkalis, asidi kunye ekungcoleni entsimbini. Njengoko umzekelo inokuba akukho namnye, nto leyo ukungcola phezu kwizitalato ikhephu ebusika inyibilike.

ukumelana okwehlileyo bitumens izinyibilikisi ze-oganikhi, iioyile kunye amafutha, ekukhanyeni, ubushushu, umoya mpilo, oxidize iindawo zabo candelo. Xa itshiswe, amasuntswana ezithambileyo emoyeni, kwaye umphezulu lukhuni ngetha.

Izinto eziluncedo ze a LINGATSHA ephantsi, okt impahla akangowakhe ezinokutsha. Petroleum asphalts aziyongozi kwimpilo kwaye zihlelwa hlobo. Phakathi kwezinye izakhiwo, uyakwazi ukuthetha thermoviscous, yokugquma phezulu, ilele elungileyo.

itha Ukuqina ukuseka ubunzulu elalana yenaliti ukuntywiliselwa kuzo (ukuba ulinganiswa hundredths le ndlela) kunye umthwalo nganye ngexesha elithile kwi kwiqondo elithile. Inguqu phakathi urhulumente eqinileyo ulwelo kwi kubo sele kwaye egqitywe indawo ukuthambisa kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi. Ukongeza, ukuba luphawulwa ebizwa ngokuba ukusilela point - eli gama elibonisa lobushushu apho umaleko ngebhitumene neentanda bendable okanye ikhefu.

nezinye izinto

Ziziphi ezinye yokuhlanganisa of imvelaphi zomgquba kubizwa? pekami carbon emele into emnyama viscous okanye eqinileyo bakhonza neyanamhlanje imveliso ye tar buzane yophahla. Le nto kakhulu yingozi kwaye udibana nesikhumba kungabangela nokutsha. Sebenza kakuhle nalo iintsuku enamafu okanye ekukhanyeni low.

Coal tar lulwelo kukhululwa njenge eceleni yemveliso coke. Uye wafumana isicelo yalo imveliso yemastic ngenxa yophahla kwaye ukwakhiwa kweendlela.