Iqela leParis lababoleki kunye namalungu ayo. Ukusebenzisana kweRashiya kunye namaqela eParis naseLondon. Iinkalo zemisebenzi yeeklabhu zeParis kunye neCondor

Iiklabhu zaseParis naseLondon zabathengi ziyimibutho engafanelekanga emibutho yamazwe ngamazwe. Ekubunjweni kwabo inamba eyahlukileyo yabathathi-nxaxheba, izinga leempembelelo zabo lihlukile. Amakilabhu aseParis naseLondon akhiwa ukuze ahlaziywe emva kweemali ezivela kumazwe asakhulayo. Makhe siqwalasele ngokubanzi indlela ubuhlobo phakathi kweRF kunye nale mibutho eqhubeka ngayo.

Iimpawu zemisebenzi yeqela leentengo zabathengi baseParis naseLondon

Le mibutho inikezela iinkqubo ezizodwa zokuhlaziywa nokulungiswa kwembuyekezo. Ukwahlukana kubakho kwimibutho yangaphakathi yemibutho. I-London Club, eqinisweni, iyigumbi lokuhlaziya ukukhula kweemali-mboleko ezinikezelwa ngamaziko ebhanki angaphandle. Akukho mongameli osisigxina kunye nonobhala wenhlangano. Iinkqubo, njengenhlangano efanayo yeforum, zintlalo yamahhala. I-Club ye-Paris yabathengi yenziwa ngo-1956. Unabalingani abangama-19. Ngokungafani neLondon, iQela leParis lihlolisisa ityala kubabolekisi abasemthethweni. Ukuba kukho isongelo ngokukhawuleza sokungahlawulwanga kwemboleko, urhulumente wengxowa uyabhenela izikhulu zaseburhulumenteni zaseFransi. Isicelo esifanelekileyo sothethathethwano kunye nomboleki-mali sithunyelwa.

Ingxoxo

I-Club Club yaseParis iququzelela unxibelelwano oluchanekileyo phakathi kwelizwe elinetyala kunye nombuso owenzela imali mboleko. Ookuqala nguMphathiswa wezeMali okanye uSihlalo weBhanki Ephakathi. Egameni lomboleki, uxoxiswano luya kubanjelwa ngamagosa avela kwiSebe lezeMali, uMphathiswa wezeMicimbi yangaphandle okanye uMphathiswa wezoQoqosho. Kwakhona kukho ababonayo. Bayabameli be-IBRD, IMF, i-UNCTAD kunye nezakhiwo zebhanki zendawo. Isicwangciso seengcebiso siphuhliswa kwinkqubo yokuxoxisana. Imigaqo evunyelweneyo imiselwe kwiprotocol. Eli xwebhu linconywa kuphela. Isiphakamiso senziwa kubameli bamazwe, phakathi kweyiphi ingxabano yezemali, malunga nokuqhuba iingxoxo kunye nokusayinela izivumelwano zombini ngokuhlaziywa kwemigqaliselo yokubuyiselwa kwemfanelo. Nangona umxholo ungowesimo sesiphakamiso, imimiselo yenkqubo ibophelela kumaqela ayamkele. Ngokuhambelana nayo, izivumelwano zigqityiwe, eziye zinegunya lomthetho. Ukwamkelwa kwezigqibo, ukusekwa kweemeko zenziwa ngokwezivumelwano. Okokuthi, umphumo weentetho kufuneka uhambelane namacala omabini.

Ukulungiswa kwakhona kwetyala leSoviet

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ubudlelwane kunye neLondon yaseLondon emva kokuphela kobukho be-USSR behamba kunye neengxaki ezininzi. ISoviet Union ithathwa njengetyala elikhulu kunabo bonke amazwe. Ngo-1991, kwavela iingxaki zokuqala. Emva koko uMoscow wenqaba ukuhlawula umyinge ngemboleko ye-USSR. Kwisakhelo seLondon yaseLondon, ibhunga elikhethekileyo labizelwa. Kwakuquka i-13 yebhanki yezorhwebo, apho iRussia Federation yayisemva kwemali. Umsebenzi oyintloko wawuwukulungiselela uxanduva lwe-USSR yangaphambili. Ngokubanzi, umbuzo ulula. Nangona kunjalo, kwakunzima ukuyicombulula. Kwada kwawa kwee-1997 iintlanganiso eziqhelekileyo zebhunga zazigcinwe. Kanye emva kweenyanga ezintathu, izigqibo zenziwe malunga nokuhlawulwa kweentlawulo kunye nomdla kwezinye iinyanga ezintathu. Isikhundla seBCC (iBhunga) sasinzima kakhulu ukususela ekuqaleni. Kwakucingwa ukuba uMoscow, kunye nokulibaziseka, kufuneka ahlawule yonke into. Esi sikhundla senziwe ngokucacileyo ngo-1993. Ndimele nditsho ukuba le ngqungquthela yaseMoscow kwakungekho nto ecacileyo yobungakanani bobunzima be-USSR. Kwakucatshulwa ukuba ityala lilonke liyi-80-120 yezigidigidi zeedola. Ngenxa yokuba umthamo we-fund yegolide neyezimali yayingama-$ 5 billion, kuyacaca ukuba intlawulo yayingenakwenzeka.

Ukuqala kokuhlaliswa

Amanyathelo okuqala athathwe ngu-A. Shokhin ngo-1994. Ngaloo xesha wayeyi-vice-nkulumbuso kwikarhulumente. UShokhin wakwazi ukuvumelana namaPolisi (intloko ye-BPC) kwixesha elinesibini lenceba kwimali kunye nokuhlawulwa kwetyala emva kweminyaka eyi-10. Kodwa le milinganiselo ithathwa njengeyesikhashana. Kwakudingeka ukuba ubhalise ngokutsha ngokutsha isabelo esiphezulu sematyala kunye nomdla oqokelelweyo kwiibhondi zikaRhulumente zaseRashiya. Isinyathelo esilandelayo saqalisa ukusebenza ngo-1995 ngu-vice-nkulumbuso entsha V. Panskov. Wavuma malunga nokulungiswa kweminyaka engama-25. Emva koko, iMoscow yayinokuzikhethela. Unokubambelela ekubhaliseni ubuninzi beebatyala okanye ukuya kulungiswa kwakhona. Uninzi olukhethiweyo, ngokuqinisekileyo, lubonakala lukhethwa kuqala. Kodwa ukwamkelwa kwawo kwakungenakwenzeka ngenxa yendawo enzima yeebhanki zaseJamani. Babala malunga ne-53% yetyala. Emva kokunganiseki, kwagqitywa ekubeni kuqhutywe phambili ukulungiswa kwakhona.

Imiba yokubhalwa

Okokuqala, eli thuba linikezelwa kanye kuphela. Ngexesha elifanayo, umboleki kufuneka ahlawule ibhalansi kwishedyuli echanekileyo. Ukongezelela, isimo sesitokethi esitsha, apho ityala liphinde libhaliswe khona, lihambelana ne-eurobonds. Xa kukho naluphi na ukulibaziseka, ukusabalalisa kubhengezwa kubo. Oku, ngokufanelekileyo, kubandakanya ukwehla okubukhali kwinqanaba likarhulumente kunye nokuhlukaniswa kwazo kwiimarike zemali ngamazwe ngamazwe.

Ukuqhubela phambili

Ngomhla ka-Agasti 2009, urhulumente uvume inyathelo yeSebe lezeMali ukulungisa ityala le-USSR yangaphandle . Kwakucatshulwa ukuba malunga neerandi ezingama-34 ziza kuhlawulwa. Ngelo xesha, abathengi bezigidi ezili-9 abazange bathethe amabango abo ekuhlaleni kwetyala. Kwixesha elizayo, iingxoxo kunye nazo zazingacwangciswanga. Njengomphumo wamanyathelo athathweyo, uMphathiswa wezeMali unako ukugqiba ukuhlawulwa kwetyala lokuthengisa ngokutshintsha imali engama-405.8 yezigidi kwi-Eurobonds, ukukhula okukuyo ngo-2010 no-2030. Ngethuba elifanayo, inani elibhaliweyo lamabango, ngokushicilelwa kwenkcazelo yeSebe loMphathiswa, lidlule ngo-1900.

Iqela leParis lababoleki kunye neRashiya

Emva kokuwa kwe-USSR kwacatshulwa ukuba amazwe asandul 'ukuza aza kuthwala inxalenye yawo yoxanduva lwetyala langaphandle. Ngelo xesha, libe ngama-dollar angama-90 eebhiliyoni. Kunye kunye netyala kwilizwe ngalinye lixhomekeke kunye negalelo elifanayo kwixabiso. Nangona kunjalo, ngokwenza oko kwenzeka ukuba kuphela iRashiya eyazalisekisa izibophelelo zayo. Kule nxu lumene, ngokuvumelana ngokusemthethweni, kwagqitywa ukuba iRussia Federation ithathe zonke iitalato zeeriphablikhi ngokubuyisela kwabo kwizabelo ezifunekayo kwiimpahla. Oku kwakuyisigqibo esinzima, kodwa savumela ukugcina isikhundla selizwe kwiimarike zehlabathi kwaye kwanceda ekwenzeni ukuzithemba kwabathengi bamanye amazwe.

Amanyathelo enxibelelwano

IQela leParis kunye neRashiya baqhube iingxoxo kwiinqanaba eziliqela. Baqala ngokukhawuleza emva kokumemezela ngokusemthethweni kokuphela kobukho be-USSR. Isigaba sokuqala sithatha amanani ukusuka ngo-1992. Kwisakhelo salo, iQela leMali-mboleko yeParis lanikezela ixesha elifutshane leenyanga ezintathu zokuhlawulwa kwetyala linye. Inqanaba elifanayo libandakanya ukufumana mboleko kwi-IMF ye $ 1 billion. Isigaba sesibini sabanjwa ukususela ngo-1993 ukuya ku-1995. I-Club yeParis yavuma ngokusayinwa kwezivumelwano zokuqala kunye neRashiya ngokulungiswa. Ngaphantsi kwezi nxu lumene, ilizwe licinga zonke iimbopheleleko ze-USSR, ukukhula okwakuqala ukususela ngoDisemba 1991 ukuya kuJanuwari 1995. Isigaba sesithathu saqala ngo-Ephreli 1996. IRussian Federation kunye neParis Club yabathengi baye bancedisa izivumelwano zabo ngesivumelwano esibanzi. Ngokuhambelana nayo, ityala lilonke lalingama-dollar ayi-38 yezigidigidi. Ngelo xesha, i-15% yazo yayifanele ibuyiselwe kwiminyaka engama-25 ezayo, kude kube ngu-2020, kunye nama-55%, afaka amatyala amatyala emfutshane-iminyaka engama-21. Uhlawulelo oluhlaziyiweyo luya kuhlawulwa ngamanani angaphezulu ukusuka ngo-2002.

Imemorandam yoLwazi

Isayinwe ngoSeptemba 17, 1997. I-Club Club yaseParis kunye neRussia Federation iqukumbele iMemorandam Yokuqonda. Waqulunqa ukulungiswa kwelizwe kumanyano njengentlanganiso epheleleyo. Ukususela kokusayina komqulu, amatyala eRashiya anesimo esifanayo namanye amazwe.

Protocol

NgoJuni 30, 2006, kwaziswa malunga nokuhlawulwa kwangaphambili kwetyala. Ngethuba lokusayina inkqubo ehambelanayo, inani lembopheleleko lilinganiselwa kuma-dollar angama-216-dollar. Eli tyala lahlelwa ngo-1996 nangama-1999. Kuze kube ngo-2006, iRashiya ixhaswe kwaye ihlawulwe imbopheleleko. Umgaqo-nkqubo owenzelwe ukuhlawula inxalenye yetyala ekutyunjweni, kunye neyodwa kwixabiso lemarike. Ekugqibeleni, izibophelelo ezaba nezinga elimisiweyo zahlulwa. Imali yolu hlobo inikwe ngamalungu e-Club yeParis njenge-Netherlands, Great Britain, iFransi kunye neJamani. I-premium yokuhlawulwa kwangaphambili kwala mazwe ibe yi-$ 1 yezigidigidi. Ukuhlawulwa kwetyala le-US kwenziwa nge-par, nangona iMelika inika imali mboleko kwizinga elimisiweyo.

Iintlawulo Zangoku

Emva kwezivumelwano A. Kudrin wabika ukuba iVnesheconombank iya kuvala ityala kuze kube ngu-Agasti 21. Kwakuyilo mhla i-Club yeParis eyayifumana inzala evela kwiRussian Federation. Intloko yeSebe lezeMali yazalisekisa isithembiso sakhe. Phakathi komhla ngo-Agasti 21, iphepha elisemthethweni lebhanki libonise ukuba ukugqithiselwa kokugqibela kwiingxelo zababolekisi zenziwe. Ngaloo ndlela, iintlawulo ezicwangcisiweyo ziyi-1.27 yezigidigidi zeedola, ngenxa yokuhlawulwa kwangaphambili kwithunyelwa kwi-22.47 yezigidigidi. Elinye lamazwe okuqala azaliswe ngxelo, yi-Australia. UMarko Vale (ISekela likaNdunankulu) uthe ngoko kuhlawulwa kwangaphambili kwindlela yokuqinisa ubutyebi baseRashiya kwaye yinto ebalulekileyo yintsebenziswano. Ngaphambi kokusayina kwezivumelwano zikaJuni, iRussian Federation ithathwa njengetyala elikhulu. I-Club yeParis iye yagxininisa umsebenzi wayo ekufikeleleni izivumelwano noMoscow ekubeni ukuwa kwe-USSR. Emva kokuhlawula zonke iitalato, ezininzi iingcali zaqala ukuthetha malunga nokulungelelaniswa kokusebenza okuqhubekayo kwalo mbutho. Ukongeza kwiRussia, phambi kweshedyuli, amazwe anjengePeru, iAlgeria bahlawula iimbopheleleko zabo. Ngethuba elidlulileyo, iPlazili yaseParis yayingalindelanga ukuba ezi zizwe azikwazanga ukuhlawula amatyala abo kuphela, kodwa zenza ngaphambi kweshedyuli. Iintlawulo ze-Vnesheconombank zenziwa ngeemali zithoba. Ukudlulisa imali, uMphathiswa wezeMali wangaphambili watshintsha ii-ruble eziyi-600 kwi-euro kunye needola. Iintlawulo eziphambili zale mali. Emva kokuhlawula ngokugcwele kwamatyala, iRashiya yaba lilungu elipheleleyo leQumrhu leParis.

Iziphumo

Nangona iingxaki ezihambelana nokusebenzisana kweRashiya kunye namaqela aseParis naseLondon, iRussia yakwazi ukulahla amatyala amandulo. Le mibutho ukususela ekuqaleni kobukho bayo yenza njengento ebaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe anikezelayo kwaye amkele iimbopheleleko zemali. Bazama ukunciphisa umthwalo we-States ngokujongana ngqo namatyala abo. Nalokhu, injongo yabo kukugcina isolvency yomntu obolekayo kwixesha elide. I-RF ifuna ukujongana neengxaki zentyala yamazwe ngamazwe ngendlela epheleleyo, ngokuqwalasela iimfuno zabo bonke abachaphazelekayo. Inkathazo yamatyala, eyavela kwiminyaka engama-90, yayisiphumo sokungahambi kakuhle kweemeko ezizimeleyo. Nangona kunjalo, iRussian Federation yakwazi ukubonakalisa ukuhambelana kwayo kunye nokukwazi ukufumana kuphela kodwa nokuzalisekisa izibophelelo zayo zamazwe ngamazwe. Iintlawulo zokuqala azizange zenzeke kuphela ukuba zikhusele iimbuyekezo kwaye zilibale ukuhlawulwa kweentlawulo, kodwa zinike iRashiya inxaxheba ngokugcwele kwi-Club yeParis.

Isiphelo

Okwangoku, ukulinganiswa kwetyala kubaluleke kakhulu kunaliphi na ilizwe. Ngenxa yokuba imeko yezoqoqosho nzima kwihlabathi, kubalulekile ukuqonda ngokucacileyo iimfuno kunye namathuba abo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukubunjwa kwetyala likawonkewonke kubangelwa ulwabiwo-mali. Kwaye, ngokufanayo, isixa semigodi engagqitywanga kwisabelo-mali sonke ixesha lokuhlala kwelizwe. Amatyala angaphandle - uxanduva lwabantu bemvelo kunye nemibutho yamanye amazwe. Ichaza isidingo sokuba khona kwale mibutho engaqhelekanga njengamaLondon naseParis.