Ukusebenza kwe-injini ubushushu. Injini ukusebenza thermal - le indlela yokuqingqa

Umsebenzi iintlobo ezininzi koomatshini ababalasele ngabantu ezibalulekileyo ezifana ukusebenza kwe-injini ubushushu. Iinjineli minyaka yonke bafuna ukwenza ubuchule phambili ngakumbi ukuba amafutha ngaphantsi kunganika ezingcono iziphumo ukuyisebenzisa.

izixhobo thermal injini

ukuqonda Phambi kokuba yintoni na impumelelo (efficiency), kufuneka uqonde le ndlela isebenza ngayo. Ngaphandle ulwazi imigaqo emsebenzini wayo akakwazi bana phandle uhlobo zesi salathisi. injini Ubushushu sisixhobo owenza umsebenzi ngokusebenzisa amandla lwangaphakathi. Nayiphi injini ubushushu oguqula amandla thermal ukuba koomatshini, ukwanda thermal onke ezinto ezisetyenziswayo kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu. Iinkqubo okuqinileyo-urhulumente akakwazi kuphela ukutshintsha ivolyum iziyobisi, kodwa ke imilo umzimba. Isenzo injini loo ngokuxhomekeke kwimithetho obizwa.

isimiso ukusebenza

Ukuze siqonde njani injini ubushushu, kuyimfuneko ukuba siqwalasele sisiseko design yayo. Kuba ukusebenza ifowuni ifuna izidumbu ezimbini: eshushu (heater) nengqele (ifriji, chiller). Umgaqo nokusebenza iinjini ubushushu (ngobuchule iinjini ubushushu) ixhomekeke ngohlobo lwazo. Ngokufuthi, isibandisi ikhonza ekondensa umphunga kunye isifudumezi - naluphi na uhlobo amafutha elivuthayo eziko. Ukusebenza injini ubushushu oyinto le ndlela ilandelayo:

Bongeka = (Tnagrev -.. Tholod) / Tnagrev. x 100%.

Kulo mzekelo, ukwanela motor lokwenene ayinakuze igqithe ixabiso efunyenwe ngokungqinelana kunye nale fomula. Kwakhona, eli nani liya kubangaphaya amaxabiso ngasentla. Ukuphucula ukusebenza, rhoqo ukwandisa ukunciphisa ubushushu lobushushu heater le efrijini. Zombini ezi nkqubo ziza kuthunyelelwa iimeko Rule yale izixhobo.

injini Efficiency ubushushu (formula)

Ukusebenza, umsebenzi injini ubushushu kwenzeka, njengoko apho igesi uqalisa ukuphulukana amandla kwaye zipholile ukuya kwiqondo elithile. Le yokugqibela edla izidanga ezimbalwa ngaphezu esibhakabhakeni. Le lobushushu kupholile. Loo isixhobo ekhethekile sokwehlisa kunye amafu okwalandela zomphunga zeemoto. Apho kukho capacitors, ngamanye amaxesha lobushushu ifriji ngezantsi lobushushu ngumsindo.

Ubushushu injini umzimba ngokufudumeza nokwandisa ayikho nako ukuthumela onke amandla alo yangaphakathi ukwenza umsebenzi. Ezinye ubushushu iya kugqithiselwa efrijini kunye iigesi zeemoto okanye awomphunga. Le yinxalenye ubushushu lwe-eneji lwangaphakathi sele lancipha ilahlekile. Kulwelo ukusebenza ngexesha ukutshiswa amafutha yi imbawula ufumana ubungakanani ethile ubushushu Q _1. Ngaloo ndlela wenza esinye umsebenzi A, apho edlulisela yinxalenye efrijini ubushushu: Q ₂ 1.

ukusebenza injini luphawu ukusebenza conversion amandla transmission. Esi salathisi lidla zilinganiswe njengepesenti. ifomula Efficiency:

η * A / Qx100%, apho Q - kuzanywa ukuba amandla, yaye - umsebenzi luncedo.

Ngokusekelwe umthetho zolondolozo amandla, siyakwazi ukubona ukuba lo ukusebenza usoloko ngaphantsi kwe umanyano. Ngamanye amazwi, umsebenzi olungileyo soze kuba ngaphezu kwathatha amandla.

ukusebenza injini - umlinganiselo wamandla luncedo kumsebenzi ingxelo yi imbawula. It angamelwa njenge ifomula:

η = (Q ₁ -Q ₂₎ / Q ₁ apho Q ₁ - ubushushu evela imbawula, kunye Q ₂ - ukunika efrijini.

Umsebenzi injini ubushushu

Umsebenzi owenziwe yi-injini ubushushu, ebalwa yi ifomula:

A = | Q _H | - | Q _X |, apho A - umsebenzi, Q _H - mali ubushushu evela imbawula, Q _X - mali ubushushu ntole ezipholileyo.

injini Efficiency ubushushu (formula):

| Q _H | _{- | Q X |) / |} Q H | = 1 _{- | Q X | / | Q} H |

Nguye umlinganiselo umsebenzi eyenza injini kwimali ubushushu zaveliswa. Inxalenye amandla thermal ilahlekileyo ngeli kudluliselwa.

Carnot injini

Ukusebenza iphezulu injini thermal uyaqapheleka isixhobo Carnot. Oku kungenxa yokuba le nkqubo kuxhomekeke kuphela xa amaqondo obushushu ngokupheleleyo kwesi isifudumezi (TH) kunye liphole (TX). Efficiency ubushushu injini lisebenza ngokwemigaqo kumjikelo Carnot umiselwa ifomula kulandelayo:

(Tn - TX) / Tn = - TX - Tn.

Imithetho obizwa ukubala ngempumelelo enkulu ukuba, apho kunokwenzeka. Kuba okokuqala lo mzobo iye ibalwe sisazinzulu French kunye injineli sadi Carnot. Wasungula injini ubushushu, nolusebenza yi yegesi efanelekileyo. Yena Usebenza umjikelezo isotherms 2 kunye ebanjwe 2. ukuba isebenza njani ilula: sitya kunye isifudumezi negesi inikezelwa umfowunelwa, ukuze kulwelo ukusebenza izikhali isothermally. Kule meko isebenza kwaye ofumana umlinganiselo othile ubushushu. Emva isitya Khusela. Ngaphandle koku, irhasi iyaqhubeka ukuze kwandiswe, kodwa adiabatically (ngaphandle kobushushu kunye nokusingqongileyo). Ngeli xesha, iqondo layo kunciphisa nokusebenza ifriji. Kweli nqanaba yalerhasi nombolo kunye ekondensa, apho inika umlinganiselo othile ubushushu ngexesha ucutheko ulwandiso. Emva koko ekhusela isitya kwakhona. Xa yalerhasi adiabatically zixinaniswe kwi imeko yoqobo kunye nomthamo.

uhlobo

Kule mihla kukho iintlobo ezininzi iinjini ubushushu ukuba zisebenza ngemigaqo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezibaso ezahlukeneyo. Bonke babe impumelelo yabo. Ezi ziquka oku kulandelayo:

• lwangaphakathi injini yokuvutha (piston), nto leyo yindlela apho inxalenye avuthayo amandla amafutha yemichiza iguqulelwa amandla. izixhobo ezinjalo kuba irhasi kunye ulwelo. Ukwahlula iinjini 2- no-4-stroke. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba umjikelo umsebenzi of operation rhoqo. In umfanekiso kumalungiselelo kwimixube amafutha ezinjalo iinjini carbureted (kunye nomxube kumiswa wangaphandle) kunye diesel (ngaphakathi). Xa uhlobo Converter amandla yahlulwe piston, jet, ngephiko nezidibeneyo. Ukusebenza koomatshini ezinjalo ayidluli kwithagethi ka-0.5.

• Stirling Injini - isixhobo apho kulwelo ukusebenza kwindawo encinci ngolo hlobo. It is a uhlobo injini yokutsha lwangaphandle. Umgaqo ukusebenza kwawo isekelwe kumathuba umzimba okupholisa / ubushushu ukuya energy isivuno ngenxa yotshintsho umthamo wayo. Le yenye iinjini kakhulu kakuhle.

• injini injini (rotary) kunye ukutshiswa lwangaphandle zamafutha. Ezo izityalo ezi zikhululo zamandla thermal ixhaphakileyo.

• I-injini (ivili), i-injini ukutshiswa lwangaphakathi isetyenziswa izityalo amandla wobushushu kwindlela incopho. Akukho kakhulu eqhelekileyo kwabanye.

• Turbinovintovoy injini ngenxa ezinye izikrufu kudala saliphosa. Ezinye lifumana ngenxa iigesi zeemoto. isakhiwo yawo injini rotary (yegesi), nomphini apho zityhalelwa elijikelezayo.

Ezinye iindidi iinjini ubushushu

• Missile, turbojet kunye iinjini jet, apho wafumana ukuwutyhalela ngenxa ifuthe zegesi zeemoto.

• Solid-karhulumente drives zisetyenziswa njenge amafutha esiqinileyo. Xa umsebenzi, oko akuthethi ukutshintsha umthamo wayo, nemilo. Xa usebenza izixhobo ezisetyenziswa yi umahluko lobushushu encinane kakhulu.

Njengoko kungaba kwandisa ukusebenza

Nokuba ukwandisa ukusebenza nenjini ubushushu kunokwenzeka? Impendulo kufuneka kucelwa obizwa. It ufunda inguqu sobabini iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-eneji. Kuye kwasekwa ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba ukuguqula onke amandla ezikhoyo wobushushu e lombane, mechanical kunye m. N. Kuba oku ukuguqula kubo ubushushu lwenzeka ngaphandle zonke izithintelo. Oku kunokwenzeka ngenxa yokuba uhlobo yamandla thermal ezisekelwe uphazamisekile (umbhodamo) isindululo kwamasuntswana.

Ngokuqina umzimba ukufudumala, ukuze ndisishenxise iimolekyuli yayo candelo ngokukhawuleza. Isindululo kwamasuntswana ziya kuba ngqiqweni ngakumbi. Kunye nale, wonke umntu uyazi ukuba umyalelo kube lula ibe sisiphithiphithi, nto leyo kunzima kakhulu ukuba amalungiselelo.