Apho izinto yafunyanwa ngama Rutherford? amava Previous ukujikeleza Rutherford

Ernest Rutherford - sisazinzulu okuqaqambileyo owenze ezifunyaniswe ezithile enkulu ngokwenene chemistry yemvelo. Yintoni i impumelelo wajika physics kwi indlela entsha yophuhliso? Apho izinto yafunyanwa ngama Rutherford? Iinkcukacha biography kunye nomsebenzi zenzululwazi abaphandi bafumanisa kamva kweli nqaku.

Ukuqala ebomini

biography uRutherford luqala kwidolophu encinane Spring Grove eNew Zealand. Apho 1871 kwintsapho lamanene kunye khona sezinto eziphilayo nesazi-nzulu. Uyise, a Scot ngokuzalwa, waba inkosi ngomthi yaye inkampani yakhe. Rutherford olufunyenwe kuyo luncedo izakhono umsebenzi wokwakha elandelayo.

Impumelelo yokuqala sele eyenzekayo esikolweni, apho ukulungiselela uqeqesho wafumana imali ukuya ekholejini. Okokuqala, Ernest Rutherford kaNelson ubhalise kwikholeji, yaye emva koko uya Canterbury. Ukuba i memory egqwesileyo kunye nolwazi brilliant, oko lwahluke kwabanye abafundi.

Rutherford wafumana ibhaso kwimathematika, wabhala iphepha yakhe yokuqala lwenzululwazi nokwakheka "intsimbi magnetised kwiirenki phezulu." Ngokunxulumene nomsebenzi, wenza enye yamacebo lokuqala lokufumana namaza ngemagnethi.

Ngowe-1895, physics, wemithi, uRutherford exabana Maclaurin ukuba ilifa zokufunda ngamagama emva Exhibition yeHlabathi. Xa ngengozi, ummangali uyala ibhaso, kunye uRutherford wasinika ithuba elihle kukuphumelela lesayensi. Waya eNgilani elebhu Kavendishevskuyu kwaye lube ugqirha wenzululwazi phantsi kobunkokheli Dzhozefa Tomsona.

imisebenzi Scientific and impumelelo

Ukufika eNgilani, umfundi kunzima ezingekhoyo wokuya sivunyiwe. Uqala ukufumana komfundisi. umlawuli Scientific of Rutherford wakhe wathi amandla akhe amakhulu, yaye akukho mpazamo. Thomson physics wacebisa ionization igesi oselula ngu-X-reyi. Noko ke, izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba xa oku kusenzeka isenzeko saturation yangoku.

Emva kokusebenza ngempumelelo kunye Thomson, yena delves kungena ukufundisisa Becquerel reyi, apho kamva Marie Curie kubiza eqhumayo. Ngeli xesha ke wenza ukufunyanwa yakhe yokuqala ebalulekileyo kutyhilwa ubukho amasuntswana ngaphambili ayaziwa, ukufunda iimpawu uranium kunye thorium.

Kamva waba uprofesa e University of Montreal. Kunye Frederikom Soddi sisazinzulu ibeka phambili ingcamango yokutshintsha izinto kule nkqubo ukubola. Kwangaxeshanye, uRutherford babhala amaphepha enzululwazi "imisebe" yaye "utshintshwano Radioactive 'eziletha udumo. Uba lilungu le-Royal Society, yena wawongwa kwisihloko ungunyana wabanumzana.

Ngethuba phando ukubola lweziqalelo radioactive ngo-1908, Ernest Rutherford wawongwa Prize Nobel. Scientific wavula emanation thorium element faux transmutation ngokuthi irradiating nuclei nitrogen ebhaliweyo imisebenzi ezintathu imiqulu. Enye impumelelo yalo ebaluleke kakhulu kukudala umfuziselo ngumongo atomic.

Apho izinto yafunyanwa ngama Rutherford?

Ekuhloleni imisebe, Rutherford wayengenguye wokuqala. Phambi kwakhe, le ndawo eli kakuhle yamachiza Becquerel kunye Curies. Ke le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa radioactivity uyaziwa kutshanje nje, kwaye amandla kwakujongwa njengomthombo wangaphandle. ukufunda iityuwa uranium ngocoselelo, kunye neempawu zazo, uRutherford waphawula ukuba imitha yafunyanwa ngama Becquerel ezi owahlukeneyo.

URutherford ngefoyile ye experiment wabonisa ukuba ray radioactive yohlulwe nokuphuma yamasuntswana eziliqela. Enye umsinga uyakwazi lokufunxa ngefoyile ye-aluminiyam, unokucanda omnye ngalo. Ngamnye kubo - kukho ezininzi izinto ezincinane ekuthiwa umphengululi alpha kunye amasuntswana beta okanye eyingozi. Kwiminyaka emibini emva koko, i-engumFrentshi Villard zafumana Uhlobo lwesithathu imisebe ukulandela umzekelo ekuthiwa gamma uRutherford.

Oko Amasuntswana yafunyanwa ngama Rutherford, baba nempembelelo kakhulu kuphuhliso physics yenyukliya. It intuthuko kanye wabonisa ukuba amandla livela atom kanye uranium kwenziwa. Amasuntswana Alpha zichazwa athom helium njengoko wabekwa kakuhle, amasuntswana beta ezi electron. Vula Amasuntswana gamma kamva - na radiation electromagnetic.

yokuguga

into eyaba uRutherford zamnceda nakuvuka kuphela Science, kodwa kuye. Uqhubeka ukufunda yemisebe kwiYunivesithi naseMontreal eKhanada. Xa kwemithi Soddy ukuba wenza uthotho experimenti lalisetyenziswa qaphela ukuba utshintsho atom ngexesha ukukhutshwa kwamasuntswana yayo.

Kanye abenzi bamachiza kumaxesha, izazinzulu ukuguqula uranium ibe ilothe, ukwenza ukuyila elandelayo. Ngaloo kwafunyaniswa ukuba ukubola radioactive. UMthetho njengoko apho kukho ukubola, Rezerfor kunye Soddy echazwe kwimibhalo "utshintshwano radioactive" yaye "Uhlolisiso lokuthelekisa yemisebe of Radium kunye thorium."

Abaphandi amisele uxhomekeko yereyithi ukubola inani athom radioactive kwisampulu, kwakunye nexesha ligqithile. Kwaqondwa ukuba ngokuhamba kwexesha umsebenzi ukubola kunciphisa ngokucacileyo. Kuba into nganye, ixesha elifunekayo. Ngokusekelwe izinga ekonakaleni Rutherford waba nako ukuqulunqa umgaqo wesiqingatha-ubomi.

Le modeli zomhlaba ye atom

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX sele kuqhutywa iimvavanyo ezininzi ukufunda uhlobo athom kunye yemisebe. URutherford alpha evulekileyo, beta kunye wesigrike Villars rays, kunye Dzhozef Tomson, yena, ivula ovela. Ulinganisa umlinganiselo kwentlawulo ubunzima electron, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba kwisuntswana iyingxenye atom.

Ngenxa yokuba ngumlomo wayo Thomson kudala umfuziselo atom. Le Isazinzulu ukholelwa ukuba yokugqibela ngokumila ungqukuva, bonke ubuso a amasuntswana eqhelekileyo kakuhle ityala. Ngaphakathi ibhola embi icala electron.

Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, uRutherford uphikisa imfundiso utitshala wakhe. Uthi le-atom unalo inucleus, nto leyo ityala kakuhle. Kwaye ngeenxa ngathi iiplanethi ngeenxa ilanga, electron zijikeleza phantsi intshukumo yomkhosi Coulomb.

amava Driving Rutherford

Rutherford yaba experimenter obalaseleyo. Ngoko ke, ibuza imodeli Thomson, wagqiba ukuyinyelisa empirically. Thomson ingaphezulu kufuneka khangela njengelifu ungqukuva of electron. Ke Amasuntswana alpha kufuneka kudlula ngokukhululekiyo alumuniyam eliqinileyo.

Kuba nokuhlola, uRutherford wakha isixhobo zebhokisi ukhokelo umngxuma omncinane apho kwakukho khona izinto radioactive. Ibhokisi zidla amasuntswana alpha kuzo zonke iindlela, ngaphandle apho umngxuma na. Ngaloo wadala yamasuntswana flow zemiyalelo. Phambili baba screens abakhokelayo eziliqela kunye imingxunyana ukuba ahlukanise amasuntswana ukuba ziphambuke kwikhondo kwangaphambili.

Ngokucacileyo swi alpha ray ukuba ocande yonke imiqobo, liqonde sheet obhityileyo kakhulu igolide. Emva kwakhe yaba phosphor screen. qhagamshelana ngalinye amasuntswana ngayo ebhalwe ngohlobo flash. Ngoko ke kunokwenzeka ukuba bagwebe ukwahluka amasuntswana emva edlula alumuniyam eliqinileyo.

Okumangalisayo kakhulu Rutherford, amasuntswana abaninzi baphambuke kwigophe ezinkulu, abanye bade 180 degrees. Oku kwenze ukuba sisazinzulu sicinge ukuba ubunzima ephambili atomic ngematha eqinileyo apho leyo kamva ngokuba kernel.

amava uRutherford Driving:

model ukugxeka

imodeli zenyukliya uRutherford ekuqaleni bagxeka, ngokuba ingahimbiselani kwimithetho electrodynamics yamandulo. Ukujikeleza, elektroni kufuneka ugcine amandla ayikhuphi amaza kagesi, kodwa oku akwenzeki, yaye ngenxa yoko ke kubafikela. Kulo mzekelo, electron kufuneka kuwa phezu undoqo, kwaye yodwa kuye.

Ukuze siqonde le meko yadla Niels Bohr. Ithi electron nganye orbit yayo. Nangona electron phezu kwayo, loo nto ayithethi ziveza amandla, kodwa iye yanda. Scientific Yaveza umba lowo ufaka - iinxenye ze-eneji ephuma xa electron yagqithiselwa kwamanye komzila.

Ngenxa yoko, Niels Bohr wayengomnye wabaseki isebe elitsha inzululwazi - physics quantum. kokuba Le ukuchaneka modeli uRutherford. Ngenxa yoko, isigama mba isindululo yayo iye yatshintsha ngokupheleleyo. Imodeli ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba boron atom-Rutherford.

iinyani ezinika umdla malunga ISAZINZULU

Nobel Prize Ernest Rutherford waba phambi wenza mpumelelo ibalulekileyo ebomini bakhe - wafumanisa ngumongo atomic wamisa umfuziselo langa ye atom.

ukufunyanwa uRutherford ezimangalisayo kwakhokelela ukuvela isebe elitsha ukuba ufunda isakhiwo ngumongo atomic. Yayibizwa ngokuba nokwakheka yenyukliya okanye yenyukliya.

Yamachiza wandivelisa uphando kuphela, kodwa nokufundisa italente. Ezilishumi abafundi bakhe abaphumeleleyo physics kanye chemistry Nobel Prize. Phakathi kwabo, uFrederick Soddy, Genri Mozli, Otto Hahn, kunye nezinye Ubuntu ezaziwayo-kakuhle.

Academic rhoqo kunganxulunyaniswa ukufunyanwa-nitrogen ukuba eziphosakeleyo. Ngapha koko, oku Rutherford odumileyo kakhulu ezahlukeneyo. Gas wavula yingcaphephe ngezityalo nengcaphephe yemichiza uDaniel Rutherford, owayephila kwinkulungwane phambi yamachiza baziincamisa.

isiphelo

Isazinzulu British Ernest Rutherford waye waduma phakathi oogxa bakhe loluthando ukulingwa. Ukutyhubela ebomini, isazinzulu uchithe eninzi amava ngawo unako ukuyivula alpha beta amasuntswana, ukuqulunqa umthetho yokubola nakwisiqingatha ubomi, ukuphuhlisa imodeli langa ye atom. Phambi kwakhe, kwakukholelwa ukuba amandla umthombo ongaphandle. Kodwa emva kokuba lesayensi bafunda oko amasuntswana yafunyanwa ngama Rutherford, zezinto batshintsha iingqondo zabo. Impumelelo sesayensi wanceda ukwenza imitsi enkulu kuphuhliso zemvelo chemistry, kwakunye kuba yinxalenye yaloo shishino njengoko physics yenyukliya.