Ntoni le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa ubuthi? Imisebe: kwafunyanwa Becquerel kaThixo. Le mba we radioactivity: amava uRutherford

Ekupheleni kuka-1895 okokuqala kwabonakala kumajelo eendaba ulwazi block malunga nokuvulwa Conrad Roentgen of uhlobo entsha radiation. lula Ezi imiqadi leyo Isazinzulu ekuthiwa X-reyi kudlula izinto ezahlukeneyo - iinkuni, ikhadibhodi, kunye nezinye izinto eziye ngaphaya kwawo ukuze kwelanga texture. Ukufunyanwa kwala reyi yi mincili kakhulu ihlabathi yenzululwazi. Kwaye mhlawumbi kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba ihlabathi nangoko wabona enye revolution yemvelo - ngo-1896 Anri Bekkerel wafumanisa isenzeko esitsha, oko kukuthi yemisebe.

Yemisebe. Ukuvulwa Becquerel

Kwixesha elizayo, ngenxa ukufunyanwa kwabo Antoine Anri Bekkerel , kunye namaqabane abo Curie afumane Prize Nobel. Ngapha koko, le izazinzulu, ngokutsho iKomiti Nobel, wavula yemisebe kulogo. Xa kwasebuncinaneni bakhe, uHenry wafumana imfundo engcono, sisebenza nomncedisi ku Aleksandra Bekkerelya, uyise. Incwadi yokuqala yenzululwazi Anri Bekkerelya echaphazelekayo ukufunda iqondo lobushushu i boMhlaba. Ukufunyanwa radioactivity Antuanom Bekkerelem kwenzeka kamva. Ngaphambi koku, isazinzulu inxaxheba kuphando lwe chweba mkhuba nokwehlukana ukukhanya, ukufunxeka ziikristale ukukhanya. Ekugqibeleni kwimimandla bazisa Becquerel ubugqirha physics. Kamva, Becquerel wafumanisa ukuba inxalenye kwimitha zezi reyi ezithile, ethi ngobume babo ziyafana kakhulu ukuya X-ray. Ufumanise ukuba lisetyenziswe amalinge ze uranium, yemisebe unamandla ngakumbi.

Imbali ngexesha lokufunyanwa radioactivity: uphando Further

Kwakhona UMariya Kyuri wayengumfundi Becquerel. Wafumanisa ukuba le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa radioactivity na enye into - thorium. Ngelo xesha mntu wayesazi, njengoko oko kungqinwa le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa yemisebe. Kwintlanganiso, amalungu French Academy of Sciences Becquerel ingxelo zophando lwakhe Akumangalisi.

Waxelela oosonzululwazi ukuba ezo imisebe zivulekile kubo, unako ngokuzenzekelayo ukungena nawuphi na umgangatho. Xa iimpawu zabo, baya ezifanayo X-ray. Ngokuzenzekelayo, ngaphandle nawuphi na umsebenzi, le mitha kuvela izinto ezithile. Izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba uphawu izinto ubume ogama yayiquka uranium. Kwaye Becquerel wabiza olu hlobo radiation uranium.

Yintoni nangoku kubonisa isenzeko of ubuthi?

Ukufunyanwa radioactivity kudlule phantse emthunzini uphando ezinye izazinzulu. Kodwa ke ezi ray kuthiwa radiation. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba olukwazi uranium kuphela likhupha imitha hlobo, ipropati ekwabelwana ngayo kunye nezinye izinto. Enyanisweni, eli lungu wayengomnye bomda physics, kuba isenzeko ye imisebe, wafumanisa yi Becquerel, icebisa ukuba isiqalo se-atom na isakhiwo entsonkothileyo kakhulu.

Kunika umdla ukuba isenzeko ukuba wathola ngengozi, isazinzulu wawongwa Nobel Peace Prize efanayo, leyo Curies ezifunyenwe emva umsebenzi elide yemidlalo. Kodwa ezi izazinzulu zanikwa yovavanyo ngokulinganayo. Ngelishwa wonke, umsebenzi olu hlobo ukuze izazinzulu akubanga lilize. Ngowe-1906, wafa Per Kyuri, kunye Becquerel wasinda kuye iminyaka emibini kuphela, uzakwehla eneminyaka engama-57.

I-revolution yezenzululwazi physics

Umba, njengoko oko kungqinwa le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa imisebe, kwavuleka ixesha elide. Esi sifundo sale iqhina kwaqhubeka ekhemisi ehlabathini-edumileyo isibini utshatile - Mariey Sklodovskoy kunye uPierre Curie. Bahlolisisa ngenyameko isenzeko esitsha. Igama "imisebe" wamenywa ukuba Mariey Kyuri-Sklodowska University.

Kuba izazinzulu ezininzi ngenxa uphando kwaba obangwe ngokupheleleyo umfanekiso endala zehlabathi. Emva kokuba wayekholelwa ukuba atom is a single yaye ayahlukahlukenanga ukuba yamasuntswana. Ntoni le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa imisebe, ngokwenene? Okokuqala, ibonisa besimo thiyori atom ebumbene. Le mbono zakho ukususela kwixesha abaphengululi zamandulo zamaGrike. Eneneni, igama "atom" liguqulelwe ngokusuka kwisiGrike njenge "ayahlukahlukenanga". Ngoko imisebe njengobungqina lwesakhiwo entsonkothileyo atomic ye engundoqo ibonisa ukuba atom unalo isakhiwo entsonkothileyo kakhulu. Xa kuwohloka izinto ezintsha ngayo yabela iindidi ezahlukeneyo kwemitha: alpha, beta kunye radiation gamma.

URutherford umdla ingxaki ubuthi

Enye iminikelo kakhulu ukuba ulwazi yemisebe yaziswa zizazinzulu Ernest Rutherford. Wazalwa ngo-1871 e-New Zealand usapho wokufama. Ngowe-1896, ukufunyaniswa uRutherford zaba eyaziwa Scientist IsiNgesi. "Lo mkhuba ye imisebe, wafumanisa yi Becquerel, ibonisa ukuba atom angohlulwa lwagabuka:" - le postulate unomdla kakhulu kwi Rutherford oselula, ukuba sele ngo-1899 wapapasha incwadi yakhe yokuqala uranium kunye conductivity yayo zombane. Olu phando yaba ekuqaleni isifundo utshintshwano zenyukliya Rutherford kunye kokufunyanwa ngumongo atomic.

Ufundo ngaphakathi ye atom

Ngowe-1911, uRutherford yenye lwezona ebalaseleyo kwenziwa ukuba udumo lwakhe kulo lonke ihlabathi. Iinzululwazi abayingxenye atomic uyaziwa. URutherford wenza kwingcinga yokuba atom isenokuba kwahlelwa kakuhle ityala, yaye singqongwe amasuntswana kwentlawulo esahlukileyo. Rutherford kubalwa Amasuntswana mahluko kuqikelelwa leyo moya atom elidlulileyo. Umfuziselo omtsha ISAZINZULU yamkelwa kuluntu ngenzululwazi bayathandabuza. Noko ke, waba isiseko ingcamango mihla lwesakhiwo atomic.

imvume yokugqibela hypothesis uRutherford

Le Isazinzulu bayifundisise radioactivity njenge isenzeko emzimbeni. Ngenxa yoko, walukhenketha ubume entsonkothileyo kunye nolwakhiwo uranium ezifumaneka kakhulu ukufunxa ngamandla imisebe. Rutherford balula imitha alpha. Izazinzulu ziye zivuliwe ngaphantsi kwe efunxa kwimitha, koko wathi beta-reyi.

Kwiincwadi zakhe, abaphandi bayaqhubeka ukufunda phambi kokuba vavanyo imisebenzi Curies isenzeko of yemisebe. Amava Rutherford lubonise ukuba yemisebe atom i simanga ukuba lukhatshwa uguqulelo eekhemikhali kweziyobisi. Kuphononongo oluqhutywe ngentsebenziswano ekhemesti Soddy, ngo-1903, ekugqibeleni Rutherford iqinisekisa hypothesis yakhe. Waqulunqa umthetho ukubola radioactive, kwaye ayithethi umxokelelwane ekudibaneni kwemichiza nezinto ezifana uranium, Radium kunye thorium.

Yintoni amava Rutherford?

Scientist wabeka ngamava ukuchithachitheka ngamasuntswana alpha. beam yabo kufuneka sidlule maleko ubhityileyo igolide. Rutherford ukhethe igolide kungekho sizathu: ibizwa kanye le ndaba bhetyebhetye kakhulu, kwaye ngenxa yokuba akunakwenzeka ukufumana ubukhulu inwebu kakhulu atom omnye. Phakathi nokuhlola, uRutherford wafumana imigqaliselo zilandelayo. Ezinye amasuntswana alpha baluwela ngefoyile, uyila kweso screen.

Abanye irekhodwa kuphela izikrini ecaleni. Abaphandi Previous lubonise ukuba intlawulo entle phakathi atom ikakhulu ibekwe ngaphakathi ezingundoqo yayo, apho undoqo kunye atom ezahlukeneyo ehlukanisiwe kumathuba enkulu. A esenzeka apho ikhemikhali kokuba ngokuzenzekelayo Ukhupha luchukumisa ubuchule ebonakalayo amasuntswana kwathiwa ngumkhuba of ubuthi yendalo. Ngoku yaziwa, njengoko oko kungqinwa le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa yemisebe. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba nucleus ye atom kaThixo eyaziyo, ubuchule iba ngokuzenzekelayo.

Ngokucandeka chain reaction

Kwakhona Rutherford watyhila ezinye iipateni yokuguga. Ngokomzekelo, xa lahlulwe nuclei enzima, zingenzeka kunye nokusekwa neutron eziliqela simahla. Ngoko ke kungenziwa kuququzelelwa Isazinzulu ekuthiwa ngokucandeka chain reaction. Xa neutron ezamahala ukusasaza kwindawo eliphakathi equlethe izinto enzima bandiqumbisayo neutron ezintsha. Ukuba le meko iphawulwa ezinomthamo eliphezulu neutron, inkqubo ifana udaka. Xa inani neutron asanelanga, ngoko ke indlela chain ngcembe converges eqandeni. Ii-apparatus, apho ngeeatom ezifana kuxhaswa ngumntu, ngokuba reactor yenyukliya.