ATP isakhiwo kunye nendima eziphilayo. imisebenzi ATP

Zonke iseli emzimbeni wethu uthathe indawo izigidi basabele nemvelo. Bona catalyzed yi ezahlukeneyo enqanda, nto leyo ngokufuthi zifuna amandla. Uphi na iseli kuthatha? Lo mbuzo kuphendulwa ngokuqwalasela ubume molecule ATP - umthombo enkulu wamandla.

ATP - umthombo jikelele wamandla

ATP limele adenosine, okanye triphosphate adenosine. Le into yenye yemithombo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo amandla kwiseli nganye. Isakhiwo kunye nendima yebhayoloji yolo ATP zihlobene. Uninzi reactions kwemichiza ingaqhuba kuphela inxaxheba molecule iziyobisi, ingakumbi ukutya zeplastiki. Noko ke, ATP kunqabile inxaxheba ngqo indlela ngenxa kukuvela nayiphi na inkqubo ifuna amandla, oko ingavalelwa kwi imixokelelwane eekhemikhali ATP.

Ubume bale molecule iziyobisi yokuba uxhulumaniso ngenxa phakathi kwamaqela phosphate kuzala isixa esikhulu wamandla. Ngenxa yoko, unxibelelwano olo ukwabizwa ngokuba esinika amandla okanye makroenergeticheskimi (inani elikhulu macro = amaninzi). Ikota imixokelelwane amandla okokuqala laqalisa sisazinzulu F. Lipman, kwaye kucetywa ukuba usebenzise sokumisela kubo icon ̴.

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba iseli ukugcina inqanaba njalo ATP. Oku uphawu ngokukodwa iiseli izihlunu kunye luvo, ngenxa yokuba zezona eguqukayo kwaye ukuba izalisekise imisebenzi yayo ifuna enesiqulatho ophezulu triphosphate adenosine.

Ubume be-molecule ATP

ATP iqulathe imiba emithathu: ribose kunye adenine iintsalela of phosphoric acid.

Ribose - carbohydrate, leyo libhekisela kwiqela pentose. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukwakhiwa athom ribose 5 carbon ezifakwe kulo mjikelo. Ribose okuhlanganiswe bond adenine β-N-glycosidic kwi-atom carbon yokuqala. Kwakhona angenelelayo iintsalela pentose of phosphoric acid kwi le carbon atom-5.

Adenine - isisekelo nitrogen. Ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo nitrogen esisiseko eziqhotyoshelwe ribose, njengoko GTP ekwanti (guanosine triphosphate), TTP (thymidine), CTP (cytidine triphosphate) kunye UTP (uridine triphosphate). Zonke ezi izinto ziyafana isakhiwo triphosphate adenosine kwaye enze malunga umsebenzi ofanayo, kodwa zifumaneka iseli azixhaphakanga.

Elwa phosphoric acid. Ukwandisa ribose angazibandakanya iintsalela amathathu phosphoric acid. Ukuba ababini okanye omnye kuphela, ngokulandelelana, into ebizwa ngokuba ADP (diphosphate) kunye AMP (monophosphate). Kuphothulwe phakathi phosphorus iintsalela uqhagamshelo makroenergeticheskie, ephuma phezu komsipha kwe-40 ukuya kuma-60 kJ amandla. Ukuba ibhondi amabini ezaphukileyo, kumi 80, ubuncinane - 120 kJ amandla. Xa unxibelelwano sekhefu phakathi moiety ribose kunye phosphorus iyekelela 13.8 kJ kuphela, ngoko triphosphate ezimbini kuphela yomoya uxhulumaniso macroergic (P ̴ ̴ F P), kunye molecule ADP - enye (P ̴ P).

Nazi ziziphi iimpawu lwesakhiwo ATP. Ngenxa yokuba phakathi iintsalela phosphoric acid kwakhiwa isakhiwo makroenergeticheskaya bond kunye nemisebenzi ATP ezinxulumene.

Isakhiwo kunye nendima yebhayoloji yolo ATP iimolekyuli. iimpawu ezongezelelweyo triphosphate adenosine

Ngaphandle amandla, ATP uyakwazi ukwenza eminye imisebenzi ezininzi kwiseli. Sikunye namanye triphosphate nucleotide triphosphate inxaxheba kulwakhiwo nucleic acid. Kulo mzekelo, ATP, GTP, TTP, CTP kunye UTP ke ababoneleli iziseko nitrogen. Le propati isetyenziswe kwiinkqubo DNA phindana kunye nokubhalwa.

ATP kwakhona imfuneko yokuba channels ion. Umzekelo, Na-K channel iimpompo isodium iimolekyuli-3 ukusuka iiseli kwaye yokumpompa potassium 2 molecule esitokisini. Le yangoku ion iyafuneka ukugcina isigxina entle kumphezulu olungaphandle inwebu, nokusebenzisa kuphela ATP ejelo ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo. Kukwasebenza kwanjalo kuyo le Proton kunye calcium channels.

ATP i siphu- abathunywa eziziisekondari kweminquba (elibujikele adenosine monophosphate) - Inkampi adlulisele kuye kuphela uphawu wafumana receptors iseli inwebu, kodwa i effector allosteric. effectors Allosteric - ezi zizinto ukuba akhawulezise okanye isantya abasabela enzymatic. Ngenxa yoko, adenosine elibujikele abangaphangeliyo enzyme catalyzes i cleavage of lactose kungena iiseli igciwane.

ATP molecule ngokwayo kwakhona kubekho effector allosteric. Ngaphezu koko, kwiinkqubo ezifana ochasene ATP ADP enze ngokungathi triphosphate ibalekisa reaction, ngoko abangaphangeliyo diphosphate, kwaye vice versa. Ezi imisebenzi kunye nolwakhiwo ATP.

Njengoko ATP yaqalwa ngo kwiseli

Umsebenzi kunye nesakhiwo ATP abantu abanjalo ukuba molekyuli ukwimo zisetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza kwaye kutshatyalaliswa. Ngoko ke triphosphate yokuqaphela - yinkqubo ebalulekileyo ukusekwa samandla kwiseli.

Kukho ezintathu indlela ibaluleke ukuba Yindibanisela triphosphate adenosine:

1. Le zeendawana phosphorylation.

2. Oxidative phosphorylation.

3. phosphorylation.

Zeendawana phosphorylation isekelwe basabele ezininzi ezenzeka esiseleni kukho icytoplasm. Ezi zinto kuthiwa glycolysis - nqanaba anaerobic ze nokuphefumla aerobic. Ngenxa yoko, omnye umjikelezo glycolysis 1 glucose molecule kuhlelwe yi iimolekyuli amabini ka pyruvic acid emfundo kusetyenziswa ukuvelisa amandla, kwaye kananjalo ezimbini kuhlelwe ATP.

• C ₆ H ₁₂ Owu ₆ + + 2ADF 2Fn -> 2C ₃ H ₄ O ₃ + 4H + 2ATF.

phosphorylation Oxidative. cell respiration

phosphorylation Oxidative - lo ukuyilwa ATP ngu transfer of elektroni kwikhonkco zothutho electron le ndizayo. Ngenxa oko kugqithiswa Proton ithambeka amiliswe kwelinye icala inwebu kwaye usebenzisa iseti protein ATP ezifunekayo synthase na ukwakha iimolekyuli. Le nkqubo ithatha indawo ndizayo ayo.

Ulandelelwano of ukunyathela glycolysis kunye oxidative phosphorylation kwi mitochondria yinkqubo jikelele ebizwa uphefumlayo. Emva kokuba umjikelo opheleleyo kwi-1 molecule glucose esiseleni 36 amiliswe neemolekyuli ATP.

photophosphorylation

inkqubo Phosphorylation - lo phosphorylation efanayo oxidative kunye umahluko enye kuphela: abasabela phosphorylation kwenzeka chloroplasts iiseli phantsi kwempembelelo ukukhanya. ATP ezivelisiweyo ngexesha lefotosinthesis isigaba light - inkqubo esisiseko yokufumana amandla izityalo eziluhlaza, ulele yaye ezinye iintsholongwane.

Xa inkqubo yefotosinthesis ngenxa electron lokuphumelela chain electron-zothutho enye, nto leyo ithambeka Proton. Uyondelelwano lwee- protons kwelinye icala inwebu ingumthombo ATP yokuqaphela. Wahlanganisa iimolekyuli kuthwalwa synthase enzyme ATP.

iinyani ezinika umdla malunga ATP

- Iseli avareji iqulethe 0.04% kunobukhulu lilonke triphosphate adenosine. Noko ke, eyona nto ibalulekileyo uyaqapheleka iiseli zezihlunu: 0.2-0.5%.

- In esiseleni, malunga 1 bhiliyoni molecule ATP.

- molecule nganye akahlali ngaphezu komzuzu 1.

- One ATP molecule ihlaziywa ngamaxesha 2000-3000 yonke imihla.

- In sum, ngosuku yomzimba womntu synthesizes 40kg adenosine triphosphate, kwaye ngexesha ngalinye wakwa-ATP 250 g

isiphelo

isakhiwo ATP kunye nendima eziphilayo neemolekyuli zayo ezinento. Le nto idlala indima ephambili kwiinkqubo zobomi, ngokuba ngentambo lwamandla phakathi iintsalela phosphate iqulathe isixa esikhulu wamandla. ATP lenza imisebenzi emininzi esiseleni, kwaye ngoko ke kubalulekile ukugcina yoxinaniso lomgadi kweziyobisi. Kwesimilo ezwi khona kwi ngesantya esiphezulu, okt. To. Le ubudlelwane yamandla rhoqo asetyenziswa ngayo nemvelo. It luyinto ebalulekileyo nayiphi iseli emzimbeni. Apha, mhlawumbi, yonke into enokuthethwa yintoni na isakhiwo ATP.