Umsebenzi enqanda. Indima enqanda emzimbeni

Enzyme - a iiproteni globular, ezinceda ukudlula zonke iinkqubo cellular. Njengabo bonke ehlanganisa, abanako kuyibuyisa umva le impendulo, kwaye zisetyenziswa ukukhawulezisa kuyo.

Kwasendaweni enqanda kwiseli

Ngaphakathi yeseli, i-enzayim ngamnye zidla equlethwe kwaye asebenza ngendlela organelles echazwe ngokungqongqo. Kwasendaweni enqanda kunxulumene ngqo umsebenzi leyo idla wenza site iseli.

Phantse zonke ii-enzayim ye glycolysis ibekwe kukho icytoplasm. Enzyme Krebs umjikelo - kule matrix ayo. Izinto ezisebenzayo eziqulethwe lysosomes haydrolisis.

tissue ezithile kunye namaziko zezilwanyana nezityalo kungekuphela iseti enzyme, kodwa ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo. Olu phawu amalaphu ezisetyenziswa ngokwezonyango luxilongo izifo ezithile.

Kukho namanqaku yobudala-ngqo kumsebenzi bayimisa enqanda emzimbeni. Bona kakhulu ngokucacileyo kwisithuba lophuhliso osandul xa ijwabu umahluko.

Nokuhlelwa enqanda

Kukho iindlela eziliqela izihloko, ngamnye oluthathela ingqalelo iimpawu enzyme shiyana.

• Engenamsebenzi. Amagama izinto banikwa kubalinganiswa random. Umzekelo, pepsin (pepsis -. "Ukwetyisa", Gr) Yaye trypsin (tripsis - "dilutes" kwanakumGrike.)
• Enengqondo. Igama enzyme nto ndiyibhalayo zeendawana nesiphelo "-ase". Umzekelo, amylase ibalekisa haydrolisis of otashi (amylo -. "Starch", ngesiGrike).
• EMoscow. It wavunywa ngo-1961 yi-International Commission malunga nokuhlelwa enqanda kwi-V International ezinto Congress. Isihloko kweziyobisi sakhiwa zeendawana kunye indlela apho catalyzed (nolukhawuleziswayo) enzyme. Ukuba umsebenzi enqanda kukudlulisela iqela athom ukusuka molecule omnye (zeendawana) ukuya kwenye (i acceptor), iza kuquka igama kunye negama eekhemikhali acceptor. Umzekelo, kwi qela acid transfer usabela alanine ukuya 2-oksiglutarovuyu acid inxaxheba alanine enzyme: 2-oksoglutarataminotransferaza. Igama ibonisa:
• zeendawana - alanine;
• acceptor - 2-oxoglutaric acid;
• acid ngoyaba kule basabela.

Commission International liye laqulunqa uluhlu lwazo zonke enzayim ezaziwayo, ehlaziywa rhoqo. Oku kungenxa ukufunyanwa kwezinto ezintsha.

ngezigaba enqanda

Yabelana enzyme zibe ngamaqela ngeendlela ezimbini. Okokuqala inika iindidi ezimbini kwezinto:

• elula - yakhiwa kuphela protein;
• complex - equlethe protein inxalenye (apoenzyme) and non-iproteni ekuthiwa coenzyme.

Iivithamini ukuze zifakwe kwi non-protein yinxalenye isakhiwo enzyme. Intsebenziswano kunye nezinye izinto kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa kwisiza esebenzayo. Iyonke enzyme molecule akuthethi inxaxheba kule nkqubo.

Iimpawu enqanda, kwakunye nezinye iiproteni, zigqitywa ubume babo. Kuxhomekeka ehlanganisa ukuba kukhawuleziswe kuphela abasabela ngayo.

Indlela uhlobo yesibini ezakwabiwa Enyanisweni, yintoni umsebenzi wabo wenziwa enzymes. Isiphumo Iiklasi ezintandathu:

• oxidoreductase;
• transferase;
• hydrolase;
• isomerase;
• lyase;
• ligase.

Eli qela eqhelekileyo, ahluke nje kuphela iintlobo esisabela elawula enzayim obandakanywa kuzo. Xa izinto yamaqela ohlukeneyo ubume yahlukile. Kwaye ke umsebenzi enqanda esiseleni, ngoko, ngeke ibe efanayo.

Oxidoreductases - redox

Eyona umsebenzi iqela lokuqala enqanda - yokunyusa reactions igcwala-ukuncipha. A phawu Uphawu: ukukwazi ukwenza ikhonkco enqanda oxidative, apho ukutshintshwa elektroni okanye athom hydrogen ukusuka zeendawana yokuqala ukuya acceptor lokugqibela. Ezi zinto zihlukaniswe ngokungqinelana siseko ukusebenza okanye umsebenzi basabela.

1. dehydrogenase aerobic (oxidase) ukukhawulezisa ukudluliswa elektroni okanye protons ngqo kunye atom ioksijini. Anaerobic kwakhona enze into enye, kodwa esisabela kwenzeka ngaphandle ukutshintshwa elektroni okanye athom hydrogen kwi atom ioksijini.
2. dehydrogenase Primary inkqubo catalyzed Nhoza hydrogen atom ezintweni oxidizable (i zeendawana zaseprayimari). Secondary - ukukhawulezisa kususwe athom hydrogen ukusuka zeendawana nasesekondari walungisa ngokusebenzisa dehydrogenase ephambili.

Enye phawu: ukuba i-candelo ezimbini yempela kunye iseti kakuhle coenzyme (group esebenzayo), ukuba unako ukukhawulezisa isethi ezahlukeneyo reactions igcwala-ukuncipha. Oku kuzuzwa inani elikhulu Ukrainian lunee ntlobo: i coenzyme efanayo ukuze babambelele apofermentami ezahlukeneyo. Kwimeko nganye, kolube oxidoreductase kunye nezakhiwo zalo.

Kukho nenye inkalo yale qela enqanda, leyo kunqunyukelwa ukukhankanya - ke kukhawulezisa iinkqubo imichiza ezinxulumene ne kuphuma amandla. reactions ezinjalo kuthiwa exothermic.

Transferase - zenethiwekhi

Ezi enqanda ukusebenza transfer lunikezelo reactions iintsalela emolekyuli kunye namaqela ezisebenzayo. Ngokomzekelo, phosphofructokinase.

Yaba amaqela asibhozo ehlanganisa, ngokusekelwe iqela njee. Khawuqwalasele ezinye nje kubo.

1. Phosphotransferase - ukunceda ukudlulisela iintsalela of phosphoric acid. Zahlula-hlulwe subclasses ngokungqinelana kwindawo (utywala, carboxylic acid, njalo njalo).
2. Aminotransferase - ukukhawulezisa indlela acid asidi transamination.
3. Glycosyl - idluliselwe iintsalela glycosyl le iimolekyuli ukuba molecule esters phosphoric of mono- kunye polysaccharides. Ukubonelela reactions yokubola kunye Yindibanisela oligo- okanye polysaccharides izityalo kunye izinto zezilwanyana. Umzekelo, ukuba bathathe inxaxheba indlela ekuweni sucrose.
4. Acyltransferase idluliselwe intsalela ye asidi carboxylic ukuya amine, alkoholi kunye acid. Acyl-coenzyme-A ngumthombo ubhetyebhetye yamaqela acyl. Kokuba kube nokuqwalaselwa njengeqela kungenelela acyltransferases. Amaninzi sihambisane acetic acid acyl.

Hydrolase - kugaywe kunye inxaxheba amanzi

Kweli qela enqanda ukusebenza zokuthundeza i cleavage reactions (kuyondelelaniswe ngaphantsi) of khompawundi eziphilayo apho amanzi ebandakanyekileyo. Substances kweli qela zigcinwa kwi khetshi kwaye kwincindi yokwetyisa. ehlanganisa molecule kwisiqwenga zesisu iqanjwa icandelo elinye.

Indawo eyendawo ezi enzyme lysosomes. Ukuba enze imisebenzi ibakhusela enzyme esiseleni: izinto kulunamathelisa zasemzini bayagqobhoza, bayangena ndizayo. Kwakhona kubadla abo izinto ezityhilekileyo ayiseyomfuneko yeseli, apho lysosomes awakholelwa zococeko.

Omnye "isiqhulo 'zabo - angazibulali zeselula, ekubeni isixhobo esingundoqo cell autolysis. Ukuba kukho usuleleko, inkqubo yokukrala sele iqalile, i inwebu uba hydrolase akubonakali kunye lysosomal waya kukho icytoplasm, batshabalalisa yonke into esendleleni yayo kukutshabalalisa iseli.

Kwabiwe ziintlobo ezininzi ehlanganisa kweli qela:

• esterase - noxanduva haydrolisis of esters ye-alkoholi;
• Glycosidase - ukukhawulezisa haydrolisis of glycosides, ngokuxhomekeke kuyo isomer asebenza, umsindo α- okanye β-glycosidase;
• peptide hydrolase - linoxanduva haydrolisis iibhondi peptide e iiprothini, phantsi kweemeko ezithile kwaye ezwi yabo, kodwa le ndlela alisetyenziswa protein kudibaniso ezikwiiseli eziphilayo;
• amidase - noxanduva haydrolisis of amides, umzekelo, urease catalyzes ukuba yokubola urea ibe ammonia kunye namanzi.

Isomerase - ukuguqulwa molecule

Ezi zinto isantya utshintsho ngaphakathi molecule enye. Bangafika noshowo okanye yemigca. Oku kungenzeka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo:

• transfer atom hydrogen;
• uhambisa iqela phosphate;
• ukutshintsha indawo kumaqela atomic in isithuba;
• intshukumo iqhina kabini.

Le isomerization ukuba lungakhuseleki kwi-asidi eziphilayo, iikhabhohayidrethi okanye acid. Isomerase ungakwazi ukuguqula aldehydes kunye ketones, icala, ifomu kaKishe ngokutsha kwifomu yothutho kunye umva. Ukuze siqonde ngcono ukuba umsebenzi lwenziwa yi-enzayim ye eli qela, kufuneka wazi isomers umahluko.

Lyase connection kungachitha

Ezi enzyme ukukhawulezisa yokubola non-hydrolytic yonxulumano organic:

• iibhondi carbon-carbon;
• phosphorus-oxygen;
• carbon-sulphur;
• carbon-nitrogen;
• carbon-oksijini.

Kulo mzekelo kuquka iimveliso ezilula ezifana ezifana carbon dioxide, amanzi, ammonia, yaye imixokelelwane ezivaliweyo kabini. Zimbalwa ezi khemikhali ungaya kwelinye icala, ulungelelene enzayim phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo kule nqubo kuphela catalyze samshiya, kodwa kuyondelelaniswe.

Classification lyase kwenzeka uhlobo lonxibelelwano, zisaphuka. Yokuba enzyme ezintsonkothileyo.

ligase crosslinked

Eyona Umsebenzi enzayim ye eli qela - yokunyusa reactions yokuqaphela. peculiarity yabo - ekudaleni conjugation kunye sokonakalisa zizinto ezo bayakwazi yamandla inkqubo biosynthetic. Kukho ukwahlukana ezintandathu ezenziwa uhlobo lonxibelelwano. Abahlanu kubo ziyafana subgroups lyases, kwaye yesithandathu unoxanduva lokuseka unxibelelwano "nitrogen-metal".

Ezinye ligases bayabandakanyeka inxaxheba kwiinkqubo ingakumbi ebalulekileyo cell. Ngokomzekelo, omnye ligase DNA ababandakanyekayo phindana kwe deoxyribonucleic acid. Yena obekela nicked, ukudala iibhondi ezintsha phosphodiester. Yaba yena ophelelwa Okazaki iziqwenga.

Le enzyme efanayo lisetyenziswa kubunjineli yemfuza. It ivumela izazinzulu crosslink le DNA ye amaqhekeza eziyimfuneko kubo, ukudala nomxokelelwane eyodwa deoxyribonucleic acid. Bayakwazi na iinkcukacha, ngaloo ndlela ngokudala efektri imveliso iiprothini kubalulekile. Umzekelo, ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuthunga isiqwenga DNA ye yibhaktheriya onoxanduva njini insulin. Kwaye xa iseli iya kusasazwa iiproteni zayo, yena ngexesha elifanayo masenze kunye neetyuwa ezifunekayo iinjongo zonyango. Kuhleli kuphela ngakumbi, yaye oko kuya kukunceda abantu abaninzi abagulayo.

Indima enkulu enqanda emzimbeni

Banakho ukwandisa indlela izinga amaxesha ngaphezu kweshumi. Kuyimfuneko ukuba umsebenzi iseli eqhelekileyo. A enzyme inxaxheba indlela nganye. Ngoko ke, lo msebenzi enqanda emzimbeni zahlukeneyo zonke iinkqubo ezikhoyo. A ukuphazamiseka ezi ehlanganisa ikhokelela emibi.

Enzyme zisetyenziswa kakhulu nokutya, ishishini ukukhanya, iyeza: ezisetyenziselwa nokuveliswa zamasi, ayi, ukutya okunkonkxiweyo, aqukiwe emigutyeni isepha. Kananjalo ezisetyenziswa xa kusenziwa izinto lokushicilela.