Amalungu yegazi: iimpawu, imisebenzi. Izifo inkqubo yokujikeleza

Ngaphakathi komzimba womntu kukho izitho zokugaya, ukujikeleza kwegazi, ukuva, njl. Bonke bathatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi eqhelekileyo yomzimba. Nangona kunjalo, kukholwa ukuba imisebenzi ephambili eyenziwa yinkqubo yokujikeleza. Makhe siqwalasele ngokubanzi.

Ulwazi jikelele

Ukujikeleza ngegazi kukuhamba ngokuqhubekayo kwegazi ngeenkqubo ezivaliweyo. Iqinisekisa ukunikezelwa kwe-oksijini kwiimfucu kunye neeseli. Nangona kunjalo, akuyiyo yonke imisebenzi yenkqubo yokujikeleza. Ngenxa yemisebenzi yabo, izondlo, iivithamini, i-salts, amanzi, ii-hormone zifaka iiseli kunye nezicubu. Baye bathatha inxaxheba ekukhutshweni kwemveliso yokugqibela yeenkqubo zokuxilisa, ukugcina ukushisa komzimba rhoqo.

Biology, iBakala 8: inkqubo yokujikeleza

Uqhelwano lokuqala nesakhiwo sangaphakathi somzimba senziwa esikolweni. Abafundi abafundi nje ukuba kukho iinxalenye zomzimba. IBakala 8 lithetha ukufundisisa iimpawu zabo, ukusebenzisana namanye amacandelo omzimba womntu. Ukuqonda okungcono kwesi sifundo, abantwana banikezwa izicwangciso ezilula. Zibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba ziphi iziganeko zokujikeleza kwegazi umntu. Iimpawu zifanisa isakhiwo sangaphakathi somzimba.

Ziziphi izinto ezixhalabisa kwiimpawu zokuhambisa?

Okokuqala, le ntliziyo. Kuqwalaselwa njengomzimba omkhulu wenkqubo. Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi wakhe wawungeze lube luncedo ekungabikho kwemithambo yegazi ekhoyo kuzo zonke izicubu zomzimba. Kungenxa yazo izondlo kunye nezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo zidluliselwa ngegazi. Iinqwelo zineesayizi ezahlukeneyo nobubanzi. Kukho imifuno emikhulu kunye nemithambo yegazi, kwaye kukho iinclassi ezincinci.

Intliziyo

Imelelwa ngumbutho osisigxina se-muscular. Kwintliziyo kukho amakamelo amane: ii-atriums (ezisekhohlo kunye nesekunene) kunye nenani elifanayo le-ventricles. Zonke ezi ziindawo zihlukaniswe ngabanye ngamaqela. I-atrium elungileyo kunye ne-ventricle bayathethana kunye ne-tricuspid, kunye ne-atrium ekhohlo ngokusebenzisa i-valve yamagqabi amabini. Ubunzima bentliziyo yabantu abadala buphakathi kwama-250 g (kwabasetyhini) kunye no-330 g (kwindoda). Ubungakanani beli candelo li malunga ne-10-15 cm, kwaye ubukhulu bayo buyi-8-11 cm, ukusuka kwindawo yangaphambili ukuya eludongeni olungasemva umgama malunga no-6-8.5 cm. Intliziyo yesantya yomthamo wendoda ngu-700-900 cm ³ , ibhinqa liyi-500-600 cm ³ .

Ukuchaneka kwentliziyo

Iindonga zangaphandle zelungu zenziwe yimisipha. Isakhiwo sawo sifana nesakhiwo sesisipha. I-heart muscle, nangona kunjalo, inokwenza isigqithiso sengqungquthela ngaphandle kwempembelelo yangaphandle. Oku kubangelwa yimpembelelo ephakamileyo kwilungu ngokwayo.

Uhambo

Umsebenzi wentliziyo kukuba ujobe igazi legazi ngenxa yeemvini. Ilungu linciphisa ama-70-75 amaxesha / imizuzu. Kwimeko yokuphumla. Oku malunga nanye nganye 0.8 sec. Umsebenzi oqhubekayo womzimba unemijikelezo. Ngamnye wabo ubonisa ukunciphisa (i-systole) kunye nokuphumula (i-diastole). Zizigaba ezintathu zeentliziyo:

1. I-systemole ye-Atrial. Ihlala kumzuzwana 0.1.
2. Ukuqhaqha Iphela 0.3 imizuzwana.
3. Ukuphumla ngokubanzi ngumdakisi. Ihlala 0.4 sec.

Kuwo wonke umjikelo, ngoko ke, umsebenzi we-atria uhlala imizuzwana eyi-0.1, kwaye ukuphumla kwabo ngu-0.7 sec. Inkontileka ye-Ventricles 0.3 imizuzwana, kwaye uphumle - 0.5 seconds. Oku kugqiba amandla okwenza imisipha ukuba isebenze kulo lonke ubomi.

Iinqwelo

Ukusebenza okuphezulu kwentliziyo kuhambelana nokunyuka kwegazi. Kwenzeka ngeendleko zeempahla ezishiya. Phantse i-10% yegazi engena kwi-aorta esuka kwi-ventricle engasekhohlo ifinyelela kwimida edla intliziyo. Phantse zonke ziphethe i-oksijeni kwimizimba kunye nezinye izakhi zomzimba. Igazi elixhamlayo liphethe kuphela umthambo we-pulmonary. Udonga lwesitya luqulethwe ngamathathu:

1. Imvulophu yomzimba yangaphandle.
2. Eliphakathi, elenziwe yimisipha epholileyo kunye ne-elastic fibers.
3. Zangaphakathi, ezenziwe ngamathambo axhunyiwe kunye ne-endothelium.

Ubungakanani bemithambo yomntu iphakathi kwe-0.4-2.5 cm. Ngokomyinge, inani elipheleleyo legazi phakathi kwazo li-950 ml. Isebe leArriyo libe yi-arterioles encinci. Bona, nabo bawela kuma-capillaries. Ezi zitho zengqungquthela zibhekwa njengento encinci. Ubuninzi bama-capillari abukho ngaphezu kwe-0.005 mm. Zigqitha zonke izicubu kunye namalungu. Ama-Capillaries anika uxhumano lwe-arterioles kunye nama-venules. Iindonga zeenqanawa ezincinci ziquka iiseli zokuphela. Ngazo, iigesi kunye nezinye izinto zitshintshiselwa. Iimvumba zithwala igazi zichithwe ne-carbon dioxide, eziqukethe iimveliso ze-metabolic, i-hormone kunye nezinye izinto ezivela entweni ukuya entliziyweni. Iindonga zale mikhombe zincinci kwaye zinyuka. Iimvini eziphakathi kunye ezincinci zinamagatya. Ziyakuthintela ukujikeleza kwegazi.

Iibindi

Igazi kunye nenkqubo yokujikeleza yachazwa kwakhona ngo-1628. Isicwangciso se-cardiovascular cats of animals and humans sagqithwa ngunyango wesiNgesi uWarvey ngelo xesha. Wafumanisa ukuba inkqubo ye-circulatory yenza iibhloko ezimbini-ezincinci kunye ezinkulu. Bahluke kwimisebenzi yabo. Ukongezelela, kukho isangqa sesithathu, intliziyo ebizwa ngokuba yintliziyo. Inceda intliziyo ngqo. Ingqungquthela yamathambo e-coronary ukusuka e-aorta iqala. Isangqa sesithathu siphela kunye nemivilini yentliziyo. Baya guquka kwi-sinus ye-coronary, eqhubela kwi-atrium efanelekileyo. Ezinye izilonda zingena kwisigxina sakhe ngqo.

Umncinci omncinci

Ngoncedo lwaso, izibilini zokuphefumula kunye nezisiphaphalwano ziyasebenzisana. Isangqa esincinci sibizwa ngokuba yi-pulmonary. Inikeza ukuphucula igazi kwimiphunga nge-oxygen. Isangqa siqala kwi-ventricle efanelekileyo. Igazi elixhamlayo lihamba kwi-trum pulmonary trunk. Idibene ngamasebe amabini. Ngamnye wabo uphethe igazi, ngokulandelanayo, ukuya kumaphaphu angakwesokudla nangasemva. Ngaphakathi kwabo, iirribhethi zahlula zibe ngama-capillari. Kwi-vasculature, ephazamisa ama-pulmonary vesicles, igazi linika i-carbon dioxide kwaye ifumana i-oxygen. Uba ngumbala obomvu aze ahambe nge-capillaries ukuya emithanjeni. Emva koko bajoyina kwiinqanawa ezine zamapulmoni baze baphumelele kwi-atrium ekhohlo. Apha, eqinisweni, isangqa esincinci siphela. Igazi le-aricyria lingena kwi-oririotic orifice kwi-ventricle ekhohlo. Ngako oko isiqalo esikhulu siqala. Ngaloo ndlela, iimitha ze-pulmonary zenza i-venous, kunye nemifuno-igazi legazi.

Omkhulu

Iquka yonke inkqubo yokujikeleza, ngaphandle kwemitya yamapulmoni. Isangqa esikhulu sibizwa ngokuba ngumzimba. Uqokelela igazi ukusuka emithanjeni yamacandelo aphezulu nakwezantsi kwaye ahambisa igazi legazi. Isangqa siqala kwi-ventricle ekhohlo. Ukusuka kuyo, igazi ligeleza kwi-aorta. Kucingwa ukuba iyona nqanawa enkulu. Igazi legazi liqukethe zonke izinto eziyimfuneko ebomini bomzimba, kwakunye ne-oxygen. I-aorta idibanisa kwiirriyiti. Ziya kuzo zonke izicubu zomzimba, zidlule kwi-arterioles ize zifike kwi-capillaries. Olu hlobo lokugqibela, lidibanisa kunye nama-venue uze ungene emithanjeni. Ngeendonga ze-capillary kukho utshintsho lwegesi kunye nezinto. Igazi legazi linika i-oxygen kwaye ithatha imveliso ye-metabolism necarbon dioxide. I-flux ene-Venous inombala obomvu obomvu. Iinqwelo zixhunywa emithanjeni engenangqumbo - izikhulu ezinkulu. Bawela kwindawo efanelekileyo. Apha isangqa esikhulu siphela.

Ukuhamba ngeempahla

Ukuhamba kweyiphi na i-liquid eyenzeka ngenxa yohluko loxinzelelo. Ephakamileyo, iphakamileyo isantya. Ngokufanayo, igazi lihamba kwiinqwelo zeembalo ezincinci kunye ezinkulu. Uxinzelelo kulolu hlobo ludalwe yimivalo yentliziyo. Kwi-aorta kunye ne-ventricle ekhohlo, iphezulu kunokuba i-atrium efanelekileyo kunye nemithambo engenawo. Ngenxa yoko, umbane uhamba ngeempahla zesangqa esikhulu. Kwi-pulmonary artery kunye ne-ventricle efanelekileyo, uxinzelelo luphezulu, kwaye i-atrium ekhohlo kunye nemithambo ye-pulmonary-low. Ngenxa yokwahlukana, kukho ukunyakaza kwindulungu encinci. Uxinzelelo olukhulu kwiimitha zeentlobo ezinkulu kunye ne-aorta. Esi sibonakaliso asiqiniseki. Ngethuba lokuhamba kwegazi, inxalenye yamandla esuka kwingcinezelo isetyenziselwa ukunciphisa ukungqubuzana kwegazi kwiindonga ze-vascular. Kule nkalo, iqala ukuhla kancane. Le nkqubo ibonakala ngokucacileyo kwi-capillaries kunye nemithambo emincinci. Oku kubangelwa kukuba ezi nqanawa zinqabile kakhulu. Kwiimvini, uxinzelelo luqhubeka luyancipha kwaye kwiinqanawa ezingenanto ziba njengezomhlaba okanye ziphantsi.

Isantya sokuhamba

Iimpawu zenkqubo yokujikeleza ziyilo lwangaphakathi nesayizi. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba sithetha ngeempahla, ngoko isantya somkhuhlane siya kuxhomekeka kububanzi besiteshi sabo. Enkulu, njengoko kuchaziwe ngasentla, yi- aorta. Le yile mkhumbi kuphela enejelo elibanzi. Ngalo lonke udlula igazi eliphuma kwi-ventricle ekhohlo. Oku kunquma isivinini esikhulu kwisitya-500 mm / sec. Isebe leetriyiti zibe yincinci. Ngako oko, ijubane kubo liyancishiswa libe yi-0.5 mm / sec. Kwama-capillaries. Ngenxa yoko, igazi lilawula ukunika izakhi zondlo kunye ne-oksijini kwaye kuthathe imveliso ye-metabolism. Ukunyuka kwe-fluid ngokusebenzisa i-capillaries kubangelwa utshintsho kwi-lumen yamathambo amancinci. Xa beyandisa, ukunyuka kwamanje, kunye nokunyanzeliswa - kubuthathaka. Amalungu omncinci amancinci - ama-capillaries - amelwa ngamanani amaninzi. Kuloo mntu iphelele malunga neebhiliyoni ezingama-40 Ngako oko i-lumen yabo iyonke engaphezu kwama-800 ngamaxesha angapheliyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukunyuka kwe-fluid kunye nabo kuphantsi kakhulu. Iimvumba, zisondela entliziyweni, ziba zikhulu kwaye zidibene. I-lumen yabo iyonke iyancipha, kodwa ukujikeleza kwegazi ukuhamba ngokuthelekiswa nama-capillari kwanda. Ukuhamba kwiimvini ngenxa yohlukwano kwingcinezelo. Ukuhamba kwegazi kujoliswe entliziyweni, eququzelelwe ukunciphisa imisipha yamathambo kunye nomsebenzi we-thorax. Ngoko ke, xa uphupha, ukuhlukana koxinzelelo ekuqaleni nasekupheleni kwenkqubo ye- venous kwanda. Xa isivumelwano semisipha yamathambo, isivumelwano somvini sivumelwano. Kwakhona kukhuthaza ukuhamba kwegazi entliziyweni.

Iimeko zezilwanyana

Izifo zenkqubo yokujikeleza namhlanje zihlala kwenye yeendawo zokuqala kwiimanani. Ngokuqhelekileyo, izimo ezinzima zikhokelela ekulahlekelweni okupheleleyo kokukwazi ukusebenza. Izizathu ezi zinto okanye ezinye iziphulo ezenzekayo zihluke kakhulu. Izilonda zingabonakala kwiindawo ezahlukileyo zeentliziyo kunye neempahla. Izifo zesistim ejikelezayo zifunyaniswa kubantu abaneminyaka ezahlukeneyo kunye nobulili. Ngokwezibalo, ngoko ke, ezinye iimeko zentsholongwane zinokuthi zenzeke ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwabasetyhini, kunye nabanye ngamadoda.

Izibonakaliso zezilonda

Izifo zesistim ejikelezayo zihamba nezikhalazo ezahlukeneyo zezigulane. Ngokuqhelekileyo iimpawu ziqhelekileyo kuzo zonke izifo kwaye azibheki kuyo nayiphi na ingxaki ethile. Iimeko eziqhelekileyo ziimeko apho kukho amaxesha okuqala okwenzekayo ukuphulwa komntu akenzi izikhalazo kubo bonke. Ezinye izifo zesistim ejikelezayo zifunyaniswa ngengozi. Nangona kunjalo, ulwazi lweempawu eziqhelekileyo lwenza kube lula ukuchonga i-pathology ngexesha kwaye lilisuse ekuqaleni. Izifo zihamba nazo:

• Ukuphefumula okufutshane.
• Ubuhlungu entliziyweni.
• Ukukhupha.
• Cyanosis, njl

Ukupasa

Kuyaziwa ukuba abantu abasempilweni abaziveki benqwenela entliziyweni yabo ekuphumleni. Awukwazi ukuziva intliziyo kunye ne-fiznagruzke ephakathi. Nangona kunjalo, ngokunyuka kwawo, nokuba umntu ophilileyo uya kuziva isohlwayo senhliziyo. Intliziyo yakhe inokunyuka ngokusebenza, ukuxhalaza, kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu. Imeko eyahlukileyo kubantu abaneentliziyo okanye iingxaki zeenqanawa. I-palpitation enamandla, banokuziva kwaye benomthwalo omncinci, kwaye kwezinye iimeko nakwiindawo zokuphumla. Isizathu esibalulekileyo salo mqathango kukuphulwa komsebenzi wesivumelwano somzimba. Ukuguquka kwimeko yimeko yokuhlawula. Inyaniso kukuba ngokuphulwa okunciphisa ukunciphisa, ilungu liphonsa inani elincinci legazi kwi-aorta kunokuba kuyimfuneko. Ngoko ke, intliziyo ihamba kwindlela yokusebenza enzulu. Oku kunempembelelo engathandekanga kuyo, ekubeni isigaba sokuphumla sisifutshane. Ngaloo ndlela, intliziyo igxotha ngaphantsi kunokuba kufanelekile. Ngexesha elifutshane lokuphumla, iinkqubo ze-biochemical eziyimfuneko zokubuyiselwa azinaso ixesha lokudlula. Intliziyo esheshayo ibizwa ngokuba yi-tachycardia.

Ubuhlungu

Le mpawu ihamba nezifo ezininzi. Kwezinye iimeko, intlungu entliziyweni ingaba uphawu oluphambili (umzekelo, kunye ne-ischemia), kunye nabanye - abanalo xabiso elinqununu. Nge-IHD, intlungu ibangelwa ukunikezelwa kwegazi okwaneleyo kwintliziyo yesisu. Ukubonakaliswa kwezilwanyana kubonakala kucace. Intlungu inzima, ixeshana (imizuzu emi-3-5), i-paroxysmal, iyenzeka, njengommiselo, ngomthwalo ngokomzimba, kwiqondo eliphantsi lokushisa. Umbuso ofanayo unokuvela kwiphupha. Ngokuqhelekileyo umntu ovakalelwa kukuba intlungu leyo ithatha indawo yokuhlala, kwaye iyafana. Ukuhlaselwa okunjalo kuthiwa yi-stenocardia yokuphumla. Ngezinye izifo, iintlungu azibonakali kakuhle. Ngokuqhelekileyo bayagula baze baqhubeke ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Azinako ukuphakama okukhulu. Ngelo xesha, akukho mveliso yokuyeka ukuthatha nawaphi na amayeza. Iintlungu ezinjalo zihamba neepathologies ezahlukeneyo. Phakathi kwazo ziintsilelo zentliziyo, i-pericarditis, i-myocarditis, uxinzelelo lwengcinezelo njalonjalo. Ubuhlungu kwindawo yentliziyo ayinakunxulumaniswa nezifo zendlela yokujikeleza. Ngokomzekelo, bafumaneka ukuba bane-pneumonia esecaleni lesibini, i-oracochrosis, ne-intercostal neuralgia, i-myositis njalonjalo.

Ukuphazamiseka kwimisebenzi yentliziyo

Ngalo mqathango, umntu uvalelwa ukungangqinelani komsebenzi womzimba. Ibonakaliswa ngohlobo lokutshala, i-stroke eqinile, ukuyeka, njl. Abanye abantu banokuphazamiseka okunjalo, abanye bahlala ixesha elide kwaye ngezinye iixesha bahlala behlala. Njengomthetho, ezinjalo iimvakalelo zihamba kunye ne-tachycardia. Kwimizekelo yamatyala, iimeko ezingenanto ziphawulwe kwaye ziyingqungquthela. Iimbangela ziyi-extrasystoles (ukunciphisa okungaqhelekanga), i-fibrillation ye-atrial (ukulahlekelwa komsebenzi wesiqhelo wentliziyo). Ukongezelela, kukho ukuphulwa kwenkqubo yokuqhuba kunye ne-muscle yelungu.

Ucoceko lwenhliziyo

Umsebenzi oqinileyo oqinileyo womzimba unokwenzeka kuphela kwinkqubo ejikelezayo enempilo. Ijubane langoku lenza isigqibo sokunikezelwa kweethuthana kunye neemfuno ezifunekayo kunye nokunyanzeliswa kokususwa kweemveliso ezixutywayo. Kwinkqubo yomsebenzi wokwenyama, isidingo se-oksijini sanda ngokukodwa ngokunyuka kwentliziyo. Ukuze ugweme ukuphazamiseka kunye nokuphulwa, kuyimfuneko ukuqeqesha umsila wequmrhu. Ngenxa yale njongo, iingcali zincoma ukuba zenze iminyango ekuseni. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kulabo bantu abanemisebenzi yabo engaxhunyiwe ne-fiznagruzkoy. Umphumo omkhulu wokuzilolonga ufika xa zenziwa ngomoya omtsha. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oogqirha bancoma ukuhamba ngaphezulu. Ngaloo nto, kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba imisebenzi engaphantsi kwengqondo nangokomzimba ingaphazamisa ukusebenza ngokuqhelekileyo kwentliziyo. Kule nkalo, uxinzelelo kunye nokuxhala kufuneka kugwenywe xa kunokwenzeka. Nangona usebenza kumsebenzi wenyama, kuyimfuneko ukukhetha imithwalo ngokukhawulelana namakhono omzimba. Ifuthe elibi kakhulu emsebenzini womzimba i-nicotine, utywala, iziyobisi. Ziyityhefu kwinkqubo yesantya kunye nentliziyo, kubangele ukuphazamiseka okukhulu ekulawuleni i-tilecular tone. Ngenxa yoko, izifo ezinzulu zesistim ejikelezayo zingakhula, ezinye zazo ziphela kwisiphumo esibulalayo. Abantu abaselayo nabomsi bahlala bexhamla. Kule nto, kubalulekile ukushiya imikhwa emibi kunye nayo yonke indlela yokunceda intliziyo yakho.