Isakhiwo ephambili ingcambu, utshintsho ukusuka lokuqala ukuya isakhiwo yesibini kwingcambu

Eli lungu komhlaba ibihlungu kakhulu ephezulu, gymnosperms kunye nezityalo eneentyatyambo - ingcambu. Yena kuqala livela moss kwaye enze umsebenzi inkxaso nje kuphela, koko ikwabonelela zonke ezinye iindawo zesityalo ngamanzi kunye neetyuwa kwezimbiwa lichithakale. Xa gymnosperms kunye angiosperms zenza ingcambu ephambili ikhulela ingcambu osandul. Kamva iingcambu, isakhiwo apho ezahlukeneyo monocots kunye dicots kwakhiwa. Kweli nqaku siza kuhlolisisa ingcambu isakhiwo zaseprayimari nasesekondari yokwakheka kwezityalo eneentyatyambo ogama imbewu kufuneka cotyledons ezimbini, kunye nemizekelo ezithile zibonisa indima izicwili zezityalo kunye izinto noshowo inxalenye ngokufihlakeleyo ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza umzimba isityalo.

Ingcambu osandul kunye nophuhliso yayo

Ngexesha imbewu ukuntshula kuphuhlisa inxalenye yokuqala ngumongo, ekuthiwa umqolo germinal. Luquka iiseli zomzimba zemfundo - le meristem ephambili, inxalenye apical ekuthiwa enkcochoyini. Ngexesha ukwahlulwa mitotic eziseleni enqila akhiwa ephambili isakhiwo nengcambu, equka rhizodermis, neuron zamabanga aphantsi kunye nesilinda yezihlunu. Makhe zihlale phezu kwiimpawu morphological kunye nokomzimba yemeko zemfundo zaseprayimari, ingabekwa phezulu bobabini iingcambu osandul, yaye inxalenye apical kweengcambu abaselula: engundoqo, osecaleni into. Iintlobo igama lokugqibela, ubukhulu becala zifumaneka monocots. Bona babe ukusuka ezantsi esikhondweni. Ngoko ke njengezona iiseli ekuqaleni. Kwinkqubo yophuhliso, bakha meristem zaseprayimari. Phantsi umaleko yayo iqala umahluko kwezakhiwo iseli ekhokelela ekuveleni inwebu isakhiwo eyenziwe emfundo zomzimba ebangela iingcambu. Isityalo igcinwe kude ukubonakala meristems zasesekondari, ekuthiwa cambium kunye fellogenom.

Rhizodermis: isakhiwo kunye nentsingiselo

Rizoderma okanye rhizodermis kukho inwebu enamathela leeseli zeethishu ilahlwe kwi ingcambu oselula esembindini oqala aze amasebe icala. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kuba isityalo yinxalenye ye -inshorensi laphu, nto leyo zicwangciswe kummandla iingcambu, enza nokufunxwa kwamanzi kunye kwezimbiwa iityuwa. It iiseli side wabumba rhizodermis ingcambu iinwele. kukho icytoplasm yabo iqulethe inani elikhulu vacuoles kunye iseli udonga ibhityile kakhulu, ngaphandle Ulobuza. Rizoderma ke ingcambu inxalenye kwingcambu chap phambi kwindawo iingcambu osecaleni, leyo kuthiwa conductive. Kufunyaniswe ukuba indawo kweenwele ingcambu ngokumalunga ingcambu le chap ibekwe phezu ingcambu engundoqo, phantse ingatshintshanga.

Kwaneenwele ezi iingcambu kunye nendima yabo ebomini lwezityalo

Ukuqwalasela isakhiwo ngemikroskopu iingcambu, usenokufumanisa ukuba rizoderma yi yemvelaphi umaleko ophezulu - dermatogena. Ngoko, ke, siya kwenziwa ngokwahlula njengezona iiseli zaseprayimari. zone sokufunxa njengengcambu kakhulu ingqalelo iinguqu ngesiquphe iimeko zokusingqongileyo, ke ngoko, yimasisi Kwaneenwele ungenza ngokukhawuleza kubuna kude. Esi sesona sizathu siphambili sokuba izinga basinde amahlwempu izithole, nkqu nokufa kwakhe. Kuphuhliso iiseli lwegciwane kufa kwaye sloughed rizodermy. Ngaphantsi umaleko kwilaphu yokhuselo - exoderm ngokuyinxenye ngokuthatha inxaxheba ekubunjweni izinto yokuwela. Ngenxa izisombululo zabo ngamanzi iikhompawundi izimbiwa kunye iinwele ingcambu faka axis cylinder, woba kubume ephambili ingcambu.

Liquka a laphu conductive apho ngexesha izitya ontogeny - uqhoqhoqho kunye neetyhubhu yokugalela ukusuka neqabane-iiseli. Ayizizo zonke izityalo benza inkqubo ephuhliswe-kakuhle ezingenamandla ze kweenwele ingcambu. Umzekelo, Marsh kunye zasemanzini abekho ngenxa ezigqithiseleyo yamanzi kokusingqongileyo.

meristem Primary - pericycle

Esi sakhiwo, leyo ngokohlobo umsesane kwaye Azigubungele lombhobho engundoqo ibekwe phantsi rizodermoy. It iqulathe, ebabela ngokukhawuleza iiseli encinane laphu lemfundo yaye ukho kuzo zonke iintlobo enemithi nezityalo herbaceous ukuba zande yi imbewu. Zonke iindawo lombhobho engundoqo iphuhlise ngenxa iiseli pericycle.

Isakhiwo ephambili nengcambu sesityalo bipartite kungqina into yokuba tabs icala kunye neengcambu ezikhaphayo kule nwebu olungaphandle laphu wemfundo - meristem. Abameli izityalo dicotyledonous ubandakanyeka Rosaceae, imidumba, Solanaceae, oko ke atshintshelwe kwelona iintlobo zasesekondari, ezifana phellogen okanye cambium. Isiphumo kweeseli division pericycle mitotic ke imbonakalo lwesakhiwo yohlobo olunye kunye nomsebenzi lwemimandla zeethishu osandul elizayo - periblemy, oluthi luqokelelane ukusuka neuron zamabanga dermatogena, egunyazisa ukuqala meristem zaseprayimari apical.

neuron primary

ingcambu Le isabelo zimelwe ikakhulu kweeseli parenchyma. Icandelo yezityalo inyama omelene rhizodermis ekuthiwa exoderm, umaleko phakathi neuron zaseprayimari - mesoderm. Ukuqwalasela isakhiwo engundoqo ingcambu phantsi ngemicroscope, ezi sayithi zinokufunyanwa isixa esikhulu spaces intercellular. Bakhonza kwindawo ejikeleza oksijini kunye carbon dioxide, ngaloo ndlela inxaxheba kutshintshiselwano igesi. Inxalenye engaphakathi iqulathe amaqela iseli akhe mngxilo tight.

Emva kokutshatyalaliswa rhizodermis wabeka iinxalenye ezingenanto exoderm, ngoko ke oprobkovevayut kummandla iingcambu osecaleni yaye ekugqibeleni enze umsebenzi olukhuselayo. Emva zontathu iimaleko le uthinte radially ezihambayo iimolekyuli zamanzi uze basinge iimpahla lombhobho usembindini ingcambu. Ngokutsho kwakhe, ngenxa yengcinezelo nengcambu transpiration, amanzi kunye izimbiwa izisombululo waphakamisa isiqu kunye namagqabi. Ukongeza, oganikhi khompawundi ezifana wesitatshi okanye inulin nga angakhuli iiseli parenchyma cortical ephambili mesoderm.

cylinder central

Ukuqwalasela isakhiwo ngemikroskopu iingcambu zesityalo bipartite, zinokufunyanwa isakhiwo enjalo, njengoko tshe. Le nxalenye yezihlunu liquka ezininzi izakhiwo yokwakheka ukuba enze umsebenzi izinto. Ziqulethe izihlunu zaseprayimari - xylem yaye ayila izinto conductive, ezifana izitya (noqhoqhoqho). Solutions glucose kunye nezinye oganikhi khompawundi asuka amagqabi kunye iindiza nengcambu ngemibhobho yokugalela akhiwe uthinte, namanzi nezimbiwa izinto nasezimpahleni (tracheas) bavela njengengcambu lombhobho yezihlunu amalungu zezityalo kwezityalo.

indima Cambium kuphuhliso ingcambu

Inguqu ukusuka lokuqala kubume yesibini ingcambu kuthatha indawo kwi isithombo isigaba yaza yamakishwa yimbonakalo laphu zemfundo - cambium. Enye ngohlobo lwayo wabumba iinyanda protomeristemy nemithambo.

Ngaphezu koko, kukho iinkalo cambium radiation. Zombini ezi ntlobo meristem lesibini cambium bahlanganisane ukuze umsesane eqhelekileyo, edulusele phakathi uthinte kunye isilinda central. Ngenxa mitosis esebenzayo, iiseli cambium amabili le amalaphu zasesekondari conductive: yangaphakathi ijoliswe tshe - xylem kwaye distal ejongene endoderm - phloem. Ngenxa yokuba ezi nkqubo zichazwe ngentla, isilinda yezihlunu iba isakhiwo iimpawu sesekondari zonke neengcambu izityalo dicotyledonous.

Yintoni utshintsho okwenzekayo uthinte zaseprayimari

Ukuvela wokuqhuba eziziisekondari tissue - xylem kunye phloem ibangela yenguquko pericycle. zaso, ifan'ba mitosis, ukuba ibe umaleko oki cambium - phellogen, owathi yena, yakha periderm. Inxenye ye cell yayo Periclinal iqala ukuba zahlule, nto leyo ekhokelela ukuba kwaleli neuron yokuqala ukusuka cylinder yezihlunu, yaye ngakumbi - to yokutshabalala yayo. Ngoku, umaleko olungaphandle ingcambu zamabanga periderm nabaseleyo izabelo phelloderm kunye pericycle. Njengoko ubona, isakhiwo eziziiprayimari neziziisekondari nengcambu zahluke kakhulu enye kwenye. Ezi mahluko zinxulumene onke amasebe ayo, kuquka uthinte kunye nesilinda central. Ziyabonakala ngokuthe ingakumbi isakhiwo yokwakheka ye ancedisana zemfundo kunye nesambatho. Iinkqubo ibalulekileyo ibakho iingcambu kwixesha lokukhula, sithi imbonakalo cambium kunye tab lesibini amalaphu conductive. I-sub-Isihloko ilandelayo, siqwalasela ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi.

isakhiwo eziziiprayimari neziziisekondari kwingcambu

Umahluko phakathi morphology kunye nemisebenzi komzimba nengcambu nokukhula kwesityalo bipartite angamelwa etafileni:

Ukongeza etafileni qaphela ukuba iingcambu ukuqina secondary ingcambu kwi dicots echaza umsebenzi mitotic iiseli cambium kunye ukukhula kweengcambu ubude unxulunyaniswa ekuhlaziyeni kwaye za uhambisa i meristem kwaye ingcambu cap iiseli apical nzulu emhlabeni. Upper ingcambu central uleyisayo kweelana emhlabeni izabelo eqinileyo ngenxa yokunyuka eliphezulu amandla, ngoko neengcambu zemithi angiosperms ngexesha ukuntshula kusichukumisa nkqu igada.