Alexander 2: ukupheliswa serfdom, izizathu zokubuyiselwa

Yintoni indima Alexander 2 ukupheliswa serfdom? Kutheni wagqiba ukwenza abalimi simahla? Ngale mibuzo neminye siza kuphendula kweli nqaku. Yamahlwempu ngokutsha ize serfdom eRashiya kwaqala ngo-1861. Yaba enye utshintshwano libalulekileyo werhuluneli.

Isizathu basic

Yayingeyiyo Alexander 2? Ukupheliswa serfdom - ngayo ngetyala lakhe. Kutheni kukho imfuneko utshintsho le ingaqhelekanga? Imiqathango ngokuba ukuvela yayo kwasekwa kwinkulungwane XVII emva kwexesha. Zonke kunokudala yoluntu ingqalelo serfdom njengoko buyinto kakubi, nto ke leyo shame Russia. Abaninzi angathanda ukubona ilizwe labo libe phezu belingana amazwe aseYurophu apho kungekho ubukhoboka. Ngoko ke, urhulumente Russian baqalisa ukucinga malunga ukupheliswa serfdom.

Izizathu esisiseko kuphuculo:

• Ngenxa yomsebenzi non-nochumileyo ngamakhoboka (serfdom ukubanomsebenzi ombi) Umnini Uqoqosho waya ukwehla.
• Serfdom olwathi kuphuhliso lwamashisini kunye norhwebo, ezithintele ukwanda kwemali yaye ibeka Russia kudidi lwamazwe ezincinane.
• Ekubulaleni kwi iCrimea War (1853-1856 gg.) Wafumana backwardness wolawulo yezopolitiko kweli lizwe.
• Ukunyuka kwenani lamafama zaqalwa lubonise ukuba serfdom i "nomgqomo."

amanyathelo okuqala

Ngoko ke, simele siqhubeke ngakumbi ukuze ufumanise ukuba ziintoni izinto awazenzayo Alexander 2. Ukutshitshiswa serfdom lwaqaliswa kuqala ngakumbi Alexander 1, kodwa ikomiti akazange aqonde ukuba ukuphumeza le inguquko. Ke umlawuli wayethintelwe umthetho 1803 kumafama simahla.

Ngowe-1842, uNicholas 1 yamkele uMthetho "On abalimi elimsulwa", ngokunxulumene lomnini unelungelo ukukhulula abantu belali ngokubanika isiqwenga somhlaba. Ngenxa yoko, abantu belali ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweendawo kwafuneka athwale emkhosini egameni enkosini yakhe. Noko ke, lo mthetho sele ikhona ixesha elide, kuba abanini akazange afune ukuba ngamakhoboka azo.

Great uMlawuli Alexander kwaba 2. Ukutshitshiswa serfdom - inguquko enkulu. uqeqesho lwakhe ngokusesikweni kwaqala ngo-1857. Ukumkani wayalela ukwenza iikomiti kumaphondo, ezibe ukwenza iiprojekthi ukuphucula ubomi mihla le lali. Ngezi nkqubo, ikomiti isihloko wabhala oyilwayo, leyo ukuqwalasela ukuseka iKomiti Main.

Ngowe-1861, Februwari 19, Tsar Alexander 2 uphawu IManifesto ukupheliswa serfdom kwaye iphumeze "Regulations on abalimi akhululwe ubume khoboka." Lo mlawuli embalini igama uMkhululi.

eziza

Unokuncedakala njani Alexander 2? Ukupheliswa serfdom wanika idolophana emalunga nenkululeko yoluntu zobuqu ezifana ekunene ukuya enkundleni, ukutshata, ukuba bangene kwinkonzo karhulumente, bandakanya kwezorhwebo, njalo-njalo. Ngelishwa, aba bantu baye kuphela ngenkululeko. Ukongeza, abalimi estate eyodwa nenokuthi phantsi isohlwayo emzimbeni emkhosini kwenziwa.

Zwe ziyiprophathi abanini balana wema waza wayibeka phezu kwefama entsimini ilungiswe indlela yobomi, ebe kulindeleke ukuba bathobele basebenze umsebenzi wabo (umsebenzi okanye imali). imithetho ezintsha ukususela kwinqaba phantse yinto enzima. Ngokomthetho, abantu belali unelungelo ngentlawulelo welifa okanye isabelo. Ngenxa yoko, baba elizimeleyo lali-abanini. Kude kube ngoko, baye babizwa ngokuba 'okwethutyana ". Redemption waba quitrent elinganayo, wanika kunyaka liphindaphindwe 17!

Help amandla

Yintoni eyabangela utshintsho ka-Alexander 2? Ukupheliswa serfdom yaba yinkqubo ngokwanelisayo inzima. URhulumente ukunceda isuti nabalimi ezithile "ukusebenza kwetu." Emva kokuba ifakiwe kwisabelo, urhulumente umnini uhlawule 80% of ixabiso layo. 20% kwathiwa loo nto ibangelwa lokucheba kwi-mboleko zobuncwane, nto ngezavenge kwaye kufuneka ukuhlawula kwisithuba seminyaka 49.

Abalimi zimanyene kwimimandla yasemaphandleni, kunye nabo, yena, ziyinxalenye kukuliphi. emhlabeni Field wayekuthanda uluntu. Ukuze kuphunyezwe i "intlawulo nkutsulo", abalimi baqalisa ukunceda abanye.

Yard Abantu umhlaba beningalimanga, kodwa kwisithuba seminyaka emibini babenyanzelekile okwethutyana. Okulandelayo, baye bavunyelwa ukuba zibangelwa elalini okanye uluntu ezidolophini. Phakathi nabalimi kunye nabanini ukungena kwizivumelwano ezo zichazwe kwi "amaxhwebhu." Kuye kwamiselwa isithuba le conciliator, abakuqondayo ngasonye. iinguqulelo Business wakhokelela "ubukho Provincial Affairs Rural."

imiphumela

Zeziphi iimeko ezidalwe yi Alexander Reform 2? Ukupheliswa serfdom uguqulwa yabasebenzi ibe zorhwebo, nempembelelo uphuhliso ubudlelwane kwimarike, oko kukuthi, kumazwe zongxowankulu. Ngenxa yale nkqubo yenguqu baqalisa cwaka ukuze zenze elime olutsha zentlalo labemi - oohlohlesakhe kunye sabasebenzi.

Ngenxa utshintsho kubomi kwezopolitiko, ezentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho yoBukhosi Russian emva ukupheliswa serfdom, urhulumente kwakufuneka ukuphuhlisa amanye utshintsho lebyi eziphembelele inguqu kwilizwe lethu zibe neNgonyama yamaphephandaba.

On the ngokufutshane yokubuyiselwa

Ngubani kwakufuneka ukupheliswa serfdom phantsi Alexander 2? ERashiya, phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-19 baqalisa kwintlekele yoqoqosho neyentlalo etsolo, umthombo apho inkqubo yoqoqosho feudal-wobukhosi kwakudala. Le ezincinane olwathi uphuhliso capitalism kunye umsantsa ezichongiweyo zizonke phakathi Russia kunye namazwe eliphezulu. kakhulu ingxaki lubonise ngokwayo ngokoyiswa Russian kwi iCrimea War.

ukuxhaphaza feudal waphikelela, ibangela ukunganeliseki phakathi kubalimi, imincili. Abantu abaninzi belali wabaleka uviko. Osesikhundleni ingxenye osikelelayo baqonda imfuneko utshintsho.

Ngowe-1855-1857 gg. King zincwadi 63 nesindululo lokuphelisa nya serfdom. Emva kwexesha elithile, Alexander 2 waqonda ukuba kungcono ukukhulula abantu belali kwi solution yabo kwi "phezulu" kunokuba balindele ukuba ukuhlaselwa ngabavukeli "ngezantsi".

Ezi ziganeko zenzeka ngokuchasene nentsukaphi ekomelezeni neyethu olukhulu wedemokhrasi-sokulwela inguqu eluntwini. NA Dobrolyubov noN G. Chernyshevsky yathandwa iingcamango bafumana inkxaso enkulu evela yezikhulu.

uluvo yezikhulu

Ngoko ke, ukuba sele uyazi ukuba isigqibo eso sathathwa Alexander 2. Izizathu ukupheliswa serfdom siye ezichazwe ngasentla. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ngelo xesha kwakukho imagazini ethandwa kakhulu "Contemporary", phezu amaphepha abantu baxoxa ikamva Russia. E London, epapashwe "Polar Star" yaye "Unikezelo" - bazaliswa ithemba phambili neNgonyama ephambili ekupheliseni serfdom eRashiya.

Emva ngalo mbandela, Alexander 2 waqala ukulungisa idrafti kuphuculo umlimi. Ngowe-1857-1858 gg. IiKomiti kumaphondo kwasekwa, kuquka abameli abafundileyo kwaye phambili yezikhulu (NA Milyukov, Yi Rostovtsev, kunye nabanye). Nangona kunjalo, uninzi abasebukhosini iindwalutho ephikisana ezintsha baza bafuna ukugcina kangangoko amalungelo awo. Ngenxa yoko, wathinta ngemithetho esayilwayo oluphuhliswe yiKomishoni.

isimo

Ngokuqinisekileyo kufuneka ukhumbule ukuba abalimi wenza 2. ezamahala Alexander Ukutshitshiswa serfdom ngokufutshane ezichazwe azibhala ezininzi ngenzululwazi. Ngoko ke, ngo-1861,-19 Februwari, umlawuli ukuba ayisayine Manifesto phezu Ukuphelisa ideology wakukhonza. KaNondyebo kaRhulumente kokuqaliswa bentlawulo abaqeshisi umhlaba ligqithiselwe ke iifama abantu belali. Umyinge isabelo ubungakanani umlimi ilingana no 3.3 eka. Le abalimi azizange ezabelwe iziza, ngoko baqala ukuqesha umhlaba evela abaqeshisi, ukuhlawula abasebenzi kunye nemali. Le ezincinane uye waqhubeka umlimi ukuxhomekeka inkosi yaye wenza ukubuyela indlela endala feudal yokusebenza.

Nangona ukuphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza kwimveliso kunye nezinye impumelelo, isikhundla Sasungulwa Russian nangoku zihlale zikwimeko etyeni kakhulu. irhafu State, ubudlelwane feudal oseleyo, amatyala kubanini kwaqhwalelisa uphuhliso kwezolimo.

uluntu yamahlwempu amalungelo abo ilizwe ibuye ibe yenethiwekhi kolwalamano ecalanye ukuba uyawuthintela umsebenzi yezoqoqosho amalungu ezininzi izama.

prehistory

Uyavuma, ebangela ukupheliswa serfdom phantsi Alexander 2 pretty ezinzima. Amanyathelo okuqala inkululeko abalimi ukusuka ukuxhomekeka wakukhonza uPawulos Alexander 1 no 1. Ba 1797 no 1803 isayinwe ngokulandelelana ke IManifesto corvee yeentsuku ezintathu, neya kuphela ngebhaxa, umthetho phezu abalimi okuziinkozo simahla, nto leyo wachaza imeko abalimi ezizimeleyo.

Alexander 1 yamkele inkqubo A. A. Arakcheeva ukutshatyalaliswa yokupasa serfdom yi lali Manor othathwe kunye ngokwezabelo zabo zobuncwane. Kodwa le nkqubo ayenziwanga injalo. Kuphela 1816-1819 biennium. Ezazinikwe inkululeko abalimi eBaltic, kodwa ngaphandle komhlaba.

Imithetho-siseko abalimi umhlaba apho ukwakha iingcinga kubuyiselo yendlela yokwenza imigca iwela VA Kokoreva and K. D. Kavelina othole impendulo encomekayo oluntu 1850. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba Cavelin kwi "Ileta ngenxa okukhutshwa lali" (1855) bacebisa ukuba abantu ukuba bathenge umhlaba ngoncedo mboleko ze uhlawule umrhumo we-5% ngonyaka kangangeminyaka engama-37 ngenxa Amafama Bank okhethekileyo.

Kokorev ncwadi "Billion kwi Inkungu" (1859) ecetywayo kuthenga abalima esebenzisa ngabom zamiselwa yibhanki labucala. Angakhuthaza abalimi ukuba ahambe ilizwe kunye nabanini ukuba mawuhlawule imali usebenzisa belali ikhredithi ehlawulwa kangangeminyaka engama-37.

analysis of uguquko

Iingcali abaninzi bafunda oko wenza Alexander 2. Ukutshitshiswa serfdom eRashiya wahlolwa-mbali nogqirha Alexander Skrebitskim, okunyusileyo ndawonye lonke ulwazi luyafumaneka kuphuhliso kuphuculo kwincwadi yakhe. umsebenzi wakhe yapapashwa 60s. XIX leminyaka eBonn.

chroniclers Kamva abaye bafunda umbuzo kwezi lali, izimvo ezahlukileyo izibonelelo ezisisiseko yale mithetho. Ngokomzekelo, Pokrovsky wathi yonke zokubuyekezwa uninzi amafama liye lancipha ukuya yokuba baye bayeka ngokusesikweni isihloko "ngamakhoboka." "Onyanzelekileyo" Ngoku ke babizwa. Ngokusemthethweni, baye bathathwa simahla, kodwa ubomi babo asiguqukanga, kunye nokuba mandundu. Umzekelo, abaqeshisi ziye nangakumbi ndibakatse abalimi.

Le mbali wabhala ukuba "unyanzelekile" nabalimi Sikholelwa ukuba le ntando - mbumbulu. Waqiqa ngelithi ukuba kwapapashwa ngukumkani umntu simahla, yaye kwangaxeshanye aqhubeke ukuhlawula irente ndiye serfdom - leli phutha ubudenge, etsala ingqalelo. Uluvo efanayo, umzekelo, enye ingcali ezininzi ayahlonitshwa kwi ingxaki wolawulo omdala yezolimo mbali Russian NA Rozhkov, kwakunye nenani nabanye ababhali ababhala ngayo abalimi.

Abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba imithetho Februwari 1861, akuba ewubhangisile ngokusemthethweni serfdom, hayi ukupheliswa kwayo njengeziko kwezoqoqosho nezentlalo. Kodwa ke wavula indlela oku kwenzeka iminyaka embalwa.

ukugxekwa

Kutheni abantu abaninzi baye wagxeka ubukumkani Alexander 2? Ukupheliswa serfdom akazange ayithande le ababephila ezinkulu kunye mbali ezininzi (ingakumbi Soviet). Bona ingqalelo le kubuyekezo enesiqingatha yaye baxoka besithi ayizange kungakhokelela okukhutshwa lali, kodwa kuchaziwe kuphela indlela yale nkqubo, kunye ngokungenabulungisa zisetyenziswe tenxileyo ngokugqithisileyo.

Ababhali-mbali bathi lo lenguqulelo lula isiseko ekuthiwa-nkqubo open-intsimi - ukubekwa engaqhelekanga somhlaba umnini mnye, Zinokuxutywa iziza amazwe. Enyanisweni, lo unikezelo ngokuthe ngcembe ukutyhubela iinkulungwane. Yaba sisiphumo ngokutsha rhoqo kwamazwe zoluntu, ingakumbi xa abadala koonyana iintsapho kwisebe.

Enyanisweni, ngamayelenqe yamahlwempu emva litsha 1861 sitefiswa ngenxa kulendawo kwiqela amaphondo eziye umhlaba kubalimi, ukuba babeke per capita waba ngaphezu ezimiselweyo kwisithili. Kakade ke, inkosi ukuba ndikunike isiqwenga somhlaba, kodwa akuzange kwenzeke. Ngoko ke abantu emafeni amakhulu ochatshazelwayo kukwenziwa kuphuculo kunye izabelo ezifunyenwe elingana izinga eliphantsi.