Serfdom

Serfdom - oluthile Sasungulwa nokuxhomekeka, owakhiwa kuthinjwe abalimi ilizwe kunye ngaphantsi abasemagunyeni zabo neenkundla kwakunye nolawulo ndawo feudal. Walibumba elide ngokwaneleyo.

Feudalism (serfdom) wazalelwa kwinkqubo feudal. Ngexesha ekuhlahlelweni zikarhulumente Russian akazange umthetho esinye ukuchaza imisebenzi kunye namalungelo umlimi.

Ngenkulungwane ye-15, abantu babenenkululeko ukushiya umhlaba uye kummandla omnye mhlaba emva kokuhlawulwa kwamatyala kunye nemisebenzi nangoku umnini. Kodwa ke, iinkosana baqalisa ukuba kukhutshwa klk ezizodwa, umda intshukumo yamahlwempu. Ngenxa yoko, abantu belali na ukumka mhlaba enye ukuya kwenye kuphela kwiveki phambi koSuku St. George kaThixo.

Serfdom waqala ngokusemthethweni ukuba imilo kwasekuqaleni ebukumkanini Ivan III. Ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe yena ezithatyathwe umzimba eyodwa, edityanisiweyo yomthetho zoMthetho 1497. 57th inqaku lakhe ukuyaphi ilungelo ekufudukeleni nabalimi iveki phambi kokuba ngeveki emva St waseGeorge Day. Xa ushiya lo mhlaba kufuneka ingahlawulwa.

UMikhail Romanov, ngubani waqalisa ukulawula 1613, negalelo kukwenziwa amakhoboka ngakumbi uluntu lwasemaphandleni. Adlulisela uphando abalimi engalawulekiyo, kunye ekuqaleni practice sentengiso okanye ukutshintshwa abalimi ngaphandle isabelo komhlaba.

Alexey Romanov, owaba ngukumkani 1645, wachitha zinguquko eziliqela. Okokuqala, nditshintshile mna umyalelo nguzwilakhe kokuzifaka izibophelelo kunye ukutshaja. Kwakhona ke kulindeleke ukuba ukwandisa ngenxa irhafu ngqo ukuba nizalise zobuncwane. Ngenxa yoko, ngowe-1648, ekuqaleni kweyeSilimela, eve ubunzima eMoscow "Salt Riot", ityala elo nje kukunyusa irhafu ityuwa. Emva kolo qhankqalazo zaye zabanjwa nakwezinye izixeko eziliqela.

Kwiimeko ezinjalo, Alexis uvelisa ukuguqulwa kwi kwisixhobo solawulo. Ngowe-1649, oko kwaye uphunyeziwe ngomnye amaxwebhu ibalulekileyo umthetho lolwaphulo-mthetho, yoluntu kunye karhulumente Russian - Conciliar The Code. Ukungqinelana okuqulethwe kwezahluko zayo ethile - 'Court of abalimi "- serfdom baba ilifa, kwaye umnini othi ukuba alahle yonke impahla umlimi.

Emva koko, uluntu lwasemaphandleni negalelo kuphuhliso lwe imikhosi imveliso kweli lizwe, ngokubonelela isisombululo eziliqela iinjongo zomgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle. Ngaloo ndlela ke kwasekwa ezinye ezona zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze zokubuyekezwa ebudeni bolawulo elandelayo uPetros Omkhulu.

Ukutshintsha imeko abalimi yenzeka ngexesha wokulawula ka Elizabeth. UKumkanikazi womeleza amandla abaqeshisi. Ngelo xesha kwanciphisa ubungakanani le ngerhafu kunye nabalimi zixolelwe engahlawulwanga.

Ngowe-1767 uCatherine II ubiza iKhomishini ngumthetho. Injongo yawo ukuphelisa iintsilelo yomthetho kwaye achonge izimo kunye neemfuno zoluntu Russian. Ngowe-1760 - iminyaka engama-70 kweli lizwe, iliza yokuvukela. Kakhulu elikhulu-scale ukusebenza Emelyana pugacheva.

Ngenkulungwane ye-18 serfdom waqalisa ukuba kukho ingxaki kwinkqubo. Noko ke, uqoqosho Russian ekhulisa kakuhle, wamkela iimeko ezintsha.

Noko ke, inyanda waqalisa ngaphakathi eklasini umlimi. Ngcembe waqalisa ukwaba ngoohlohlesakhe bezindlu zasebukhosini nababenemihlaba emaphandleni, emele abanini yamahlwempu (karhulumente, kangangoko ngaphezulu). Ke ngo-1801 baba nako ukuthenga iziza ezingenanto komhlaba uthabathe ilizwe ukusuka abaqeshisi ye rent.

Ebudeni bolawulo Alexander I, owamkelwa uMthetho "Kwi kubalimi ezamahala" (1803). Ummiselo ubonelela ukukhululwa ngentlawulelo kunye ngesivumelwano mutual kwabanikazi kunye nabalimi.

Ngowe-1818, uAlexander ndazama ukubamba uhlaziyo Sasungulwa. Ngenxa inani leeprojekthi eziqulunqwe mlawuli evunyiweyo iprojekthi Guryev (uMphathiswa wezeMali), kunye Arakcheev phezu obonelela lokuphelisa yokupasa serfdom ngokuthenga abalimi.

IManifesto ukupheliswa serfdom samkelwa Alexander II ngo-1861, ngomhla we-19 Februwari. Ukongeza, i-uKhesare nayo yonke imiqathango kuphuculo ziye zasayinwa. Ukusuka kule serfdom indawo yaphela ngokusemthethweni ukuba khona.