Yintoni enqanda

Nawuphi eziphilayo - yinto inkqubo egqibeleleyo, apho wonke umzuzu kukho naziphi na ekudibaneni kwemichiza. Ezi nkqubo abakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle inxaxheba enqanda. Ngoko ke zintoni enzyme? Yintoni indima yawo ibubomi kumzimba? Ntoni na ke? Yintoni indlela yeziphumo zabo? Ngezantsi iimpendulo kuyo yonke le mibuzo.

Yintoni enzyme?

Enzyme, okanye, njengoko ibizwa, enzyme nezakhiwo protein. Oku izinto eziphila esebenzayo, apho asebenze ehlanganisa ekudibaneni kwemichiza. Enyanisweni, indima enqanda kunzima ukuba zazi, kuba ngaphandle kwabo akakwazi ukwenza nayiphi na inkqubo kwisisele ophilayo iphela eziphilayo.

Igama elithi "enzyme" yaphakanyiswa ngenkulungwane ye-17 odumileyo yemichiza Helmont. Kwaye nangona abaphengululi enkulu kwexesha waqonda ukuba inyama zifunxe phambi yejusi esiswini, nestatshi ngenxa enokuba amathe phantsi ukuba iswekile elula, akukho mntu waziyo ukuba oko kwabangelwa iinkqubo ezifanayo. Kodwa ngenkulungwane ye-19, Kirchhoff kuqala ezichongwe yi enqanda amathe - amylase. Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva wachaza pepsin esiswini. Ukususela ngoko, inzululwazi enzymology waqalisa ukuba ngenkuthalo.

Yintoni enzyme? Iimpawu kunye nendlela yokusebenza

Kuba isiqalo kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba zonke enzyme iiproteni nokuba olunyulu okanye protein ezintsonkothileyo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le ibonakala acid acid ukulandelelana uninzi i-enzayim ye-umzimba womntu.

Eyona impahla enqanda - a Okukodwa eliphezulu. enzyme ngalinye catalyze enye kuphela ndlela yokusabela. Umzekelo, enzayim proteolytic nga ninamathele kuphela unxibelelwano phakathi kwiintsalela acid acid kwemolekyuli protini. Ngamanye amaxesha zeendawana omnye (into exposure enzyme) zingachaphazela enzayim eziliqela ezakheke efanayo.

Nangona kunjalo, i-enzayim kusenokuba ngqo nje kuphela, kodwa kananjalo ngokunxulumene zeendawana. Ingakumbi Iqela luqhelekileyo enqanda. Oku kuthetha ukuba transcriptase ethile kunokuchaphazela kuphela iqela ezithile substrates ukuba abe isakhiwo efanayo.

Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa-ebizwa ngokuba kukho Okukodwa epheleleyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba i-enzayim Unga bophelela kwisiza esebenzayo of zeendawana enye kuphela. Kakade ke, xa uhlobo le Okukodwa kunqabile. Kodwa umzekelo, singakwazi khumbula urease enzyme, leyo catalyze kuphela haydrolisis of urea.

Ngoku siye safumanisa ukuba enqanda ezinjalo. Kodwa ezi zinto ingaba nomahluko kakhulu. Ngoko ke, ukuba adla eMelika.

ngezigaba enqanda

inzululwazi Modern wazi ngaphezu kwamawaka amabini enzyme, kodwa oku inani ngqo. Kuba lula wongezelela, ukuba yahlulwe ngamaqela ezintandathu eziphambili, ngokuxhomekeke basabela catalyzed.

• Oxidoreductases - iqela enzayim nenxaxheba ngayo redox. Ngokuqhelekileyo, benza nokuba nabaxhasi okanye acceptors of elektroni kunye ion hydrogen. zibaluleke kakhulu ezi enzyme, kuba iinkqubo ezibandakanyeka kwiseli ukutya kunye nokuphefumla ayo.
• Transferase - enzayim abandakanyeka ukutshintshwa amaqela atomic ukusuka zeendawana omnye komnye. Wazibandakanya nethe esiphakathi.
• Lyase - enzyme ezinjalo ekwaziyo ohlaba le zeendawana evela kumaqela atomic ngaphandle yokusabela hydrolytic. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ngenxa yale nkqubo wavelisa zinemoletyhule yamanzi okanye carbon dioxide.
• Hydrolase - enzayimi catalyzes i cleavage hydrolytic le zeendawana kunye nokusetyenziswa molecule yamanzi.
• Isomerase - njengokuba negama libonisa, le enzayim catalyze ukuguquka lomba ukusuka kwesinye isimo isomeric ukuya kwenye.
• Ligases - enzayim catalyze basabela zokwenziwa.

Njengoko kubonakala, enzyme - ezi zibaluleke kakhulu izinto umzimba, ngaphandle apho iinkqubo zobomi nje akunakwenzeka.