Decembrists kuvukela (ngokufutshane). History of Russia. Iziphumo ze Decembrists kwimvukelo

Ngaba isixelela ntoni imvukelo Decembrists ngokufutshane? Icebo le ijikelezwe iziganeko ezininzi kangaka yaye zibandakanya bokuqonda abaninzi ukuba bachitha iincwadi yonke. Yaba bethe lokuqala nxamnye serfdom eRashiya, kwabangela inkathazeko enkulu ekuhlaleni yaye zibe nempembelelo etyhulu kwi zopolitiko nezentlalo nobomi ixesha eyalandela loMlawuli Nicholas I. Kanti ke, eli nqaku liza kuzama ndiyingcwalise mvukelo Decembrists ngokufutshane.

ulwazi jikelele

NgoDisemba 14, 1825 xa ikomkhulu Russian Empire - eSt Petersburg - kwakukho iinzame ubhedu. Le mvukelo ziququzelelwe iqela iingangamsha ezifana-nye nonke, uninzi lwabo amagosa Guards. Injongo nabavukeli yaba ukupheliswa serfdom kunye nokupheliswa lobuzwilakhe. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iinjongo zalo qhankqalazo yayahlukile kakhulu kuzo zonke ezinye amayelenqe ixesha babhukuqwa ebhotwe.

ukusindiswa Union

The War of 1812 waba kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi babantu impembelelo ebalulekileyo. Kwakukho amathemba zotshintsho kunokwenzeka, ubukhulu becala - ukupheliswa serfdom. Kodwa ukuba ukuphelisa serfdom, kwafuneka ukunciphisa amandla siseko monarchical. History of Russia eli xesha yabalasela nokudalwa enobunzima ngendlela amagosa ezizinzululwazi isiseko uluntu Guard, babizwa ngokuba nomanyano. Ukususela ezimbini kwezi amanyeneyo kwasekwa ekuqalekeni 1816 Union of usindiso. ngumdali balo Muravev uAleksandr, amalungu umphakathi Muravev Nikita, Trubetskoy Sergey, Iakushkin Ivan, kamva kunye yi Pestel Pavel. Iinjongo Union baba ukukhululwa abalimi kunye nokuguqulwa wolawulo karhulumente. Pestel ngo-1817 wabhala charter lombutho, uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba aba namagumbi Masonic, ngenxa yempembelelo Freemasons abachaphazelekayo amasiko kubomi bemihla ngemihla ye-Union. Ukungavumelani phakathi kwamalungu oluntu kwi kungenzeka kukubulawa kukumkani ngexesha lika aba sizathu ukuba ekwindla ka-1817, i-Union itshitshisiwe.

ntle Union

Ekuqaleni kuka-1818 Union of ntle yaququzelelwa eMoscow - ibutho elitsha eyimfihlo. Kwakugcwele ezimakhulu mabini zabantu, wayenexhala ingcamango ukwenza uluvo loluntu eqhubela phambili, ukudala intshukumo melo. Ukuze wenze oku, wayecebe ukuba aququzelele amaziko wesisa, ubuchule bokufunda nokubhala, kwaye zemfundo zomthetho. Eyasekwayo amabhunga encedisayo ngaphezu kweshumi kwilizwe lonke, kuquka eSt Petersburg, Kishinev, Tulchin, ESmolensk kunye nezinye izixeko. Senziwe ngokuthi 'icala "yamatyala, umzekelo, ibhodi Nikity Vsevolzhskogo," ukukhanya Green ". amalungu Union ziye ubesoloko ethatha inxaxcheba ephambili kubomi beli, ezama mababe kwizikhundla eziphezulu emkhosini kunye norhulumente arhente. Ukubunjwa uluntu rhoqo lilimbi yokuqala nxaxheba ukuqala i intsapho ningashukunyiswa nimke kwimicimbi yezopolitiko, kwafakwa ngabantu abatsha. NgoJanuwari 1821 iintsuku ezintathu eMoscow yasingatha i-Congress of the Union of impumelelo ngenxa ukungavisisani abaxhasi nganiso yaye olukhulu nomsinga. imisebenzi Congress eyayikhokelwa uMikhail Fonvizin UNikolai Turgenev. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba imigulukudu wabuza malunga ubukho Union kaRhulumente, kwaye kwagqitywa ekubeni ukunyibilika ngokusesikweni kuyo. Oku kwenza kube lula ukuba balahle abantu abeza kuluntu ngengozi.

kuhlela

Kokupheliswa Union of-ntle yaba linyathelo eliya kuhlela. Kukho uluntu elitsha: i-North (eSt Petersburg) kunye neSouth (e Ukraine). Indima enkulu Northern uMbutho wadlala Trubetskoy Sergey, Muravev Nikita, kamva - Ryleev Kondraty, imbongi edumileyo, ukulwa Republican ababesoloko ngeenxa zonke kuye. INtloko mbutho Pestel, uPavel, wathabatha amagosa inxaxheba kuzigcina Naryshkin Mihail, Gorstkin Ivan, amagosa aselwandle kunye nabazalwana Chizhov uNikolay Bodisko, uMikhail kunye Boris. I- Southern Society inxaxheba abazalwana Krjukovoj (uNicholas Alexandra) kunye nabazalwana Bobrischevy-Pushkin Pavel kunye uNikolay urgant Alexey, Avramov Ivan, Liharev Vladimir biul Ivan.

iziganeko IMVELAPHI ka Disemba 1825

Lo nyaka kwimvukelo le Decembrists. Abo babemenzele iyelenqe bagqiba ukuba imeko enzima yezomthetho eliye lakhula ngeenxa ilungelo kwetrone emva kokufa Alexander I. Kwakukho uxwebhu okuyimfihlo, njengako apho Constantine Pavlovich, umzalwana ke engenabantwana Alexander I, elilandelayo yezikhundla emva kwakhe, wala etroneni. Ngoko ke, lo mzalwana elandelayo, UNikolai Pavlovich, nangona phakathi elite emkhosini-ingenalo novelwano, athandwe kakhulu, baba nethuba. Kwangaxeshanye, nangaphambi kokuba uxwebhu ofihlakeleyo lavulwa, Nicholas wakhawuleza ushiywe egameni uConstantine ukusuka ekunene ukuya kwetrone phantsi Ukuhlasela M. Miloradovich umlawuli-jikelele St. Petersburg.

Utshintsho kwamandla

November 27, 1825 History of Russia yaqalisa umjikelo omtsha we - ngokusesikweni umlawuli omtsha, Constantine. Kunye nomfanekiso walo nkqu ubugcwabalalana lenza. Noko ke, uConstantine ngokusemthethweni kwetrone wazama, kodwa zange ningamali. Oku kudala indawo interregnum ixesha kakhulu kwaye antsonkothileyo. Ngenxa yoko, wagqiba ukuvakalisa ngokwakhe uMlawuli Nicholas. Wamiselwa isifungo ngoDisemba 14. Ekugqibeleni kwafika utshintsho karhulumente - umzuzu ukuba sele elinde amalungu eziyimfihlo. Kwagqitywa ukuqalisa imvukelo Decembrists.

Le mvukelo on December 14, ngenxa yokuba ngenxa ngobusuku elide yentlanganiso ngobusuku 13 ukuya kwi-14, iNdlu Yeengwevu kunjalo wavuma ilungelo elisemthethweni kwitrone Nicholas. Decembrists wagqiba ukunqanda iNdlu Yeengwevu namabutho konakalisa ukumkani omtsha isifungo. Ulibaziseko kwakungenakwenzeka, ngakumbi ke kuba umphathiswa wayelele phezu kwetafile eziliqela aqatha kunye nokubanjwa angaqala kungekudala.

Imbali Decembrists kwimvukelo

Abo babemenzele iyelenqe wayecebe kweyona uPetros Paul Fortress kunye Winter Palace, ukubanjwa losapho lobukumkani yaye, ukuba kukho iimeko ezithile, ukuze bambulale. Ukukhokela mvukelo, wonyulwa Sergei Troubetzkoy. Ngaphezu koko, lo Decembrists kuya kufuna ukuba iNdlu Yeengwevu lapapasha Manifesto wesizwe Yazisa ukutshatyalaliswa kolawulo endala kunye nokusekwa kukarhulumente yethutyana. Amalungu urhulumente omtsha revolution bekufanele ukuba wenze Mordvinova Admiral kunye Bala Speransky. On yamaSekela eyabelwe umsebenzi lokuvuma-siseko - umthetho omtsha esisiseko. Kwimeko ukuba iNdlu Yeengwevu wala yokubhengeza Manifesto yesizwe equlethe izinto kwi ukupheliswa serfdom, ukulingana bonke phambi komthetho, inkululeko lwentando yesininzi, ukuqaliswa mandatory kuzo zonke iindidi emkhosini, ukuqaliswa kwetyala yi labagwebi, unyulo lamagosa, ukupheliswa irhafu yomntu , njl, Kwagqitywa ukuba bamenze ukwenze oko ngamandla.

Emva koko izicwangciso abize Cathedral ezithandwayo, eya ukusombulula ingxaki kokukhetha uhlobo lorhulumente: wezwe okanye lobukhosi siseko. Ukuba ifom republic, intsapho yasebukhosini kwafuneka ukuba ithunyelwe ngaphandle wakhethwa eli lizwe. Ryleev kuqala wacela ukuthumela Nicholas ku Fort Ross, kodwa ke Pestel Wamitha ukubulawa uNicholas, mhlawumbi, Tsesarevicha Aleksandra.

December 14 - imvukelo Decembrists

Ngokufutshane chaza oko kwenzekayo ngomhla eqhingeni umzamo. Bavuka kusasa Ryleev Kakhovsky intetho isicelo angene Winter Palace abulale Nicholas. Wayekade evumile kodwa wala. Ngo elinanye kusasa ngomhla iNdlu Yeengwevu Square zaye sirhoxisiwe eMoscow Guards, Grenadiers, oomatiloshe Guards yabasebenzi zaselwandle. Iyonke - malunga namawaka amathathu abantu. Noko ke, kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuba mvukelo ye Decembrists ngo-1825, uNicholas kweenjongo amalungu eziyimfihlo walumkisa decembrist Rostovtsev, ucinga uphakamo ukuwathetha awona ngabafo nembeko, yaye uMphathi Jikelele Staff Dibich. eNdlu yeeNgwevu esele esixhenxe wazisa Nicholas isifungo wammisela ukuba umlawuli. Troubetzkoy, wamisa intloko mvukelo, khange abonakale kwi square. Komele kwi yeeNgwevu waqhubeka eme alinde, xa yelenqe afikelele kwisivumelwano sokuqeshwa yinkokeli entsha.

Zichaza iziganeko

Ngale mini, imbali kwenziwa eRashiya. Bala Miloradovich, bavele phambi amajoni zikhwele emahasheni, waqala bathi ukuba uConstantine wala kuba umlawuli, loo nto ukuba yenziwe. Wakhululwa ndakukhupha ngumvukeli wabongoza Obolensky Miloradovich kugxothwa angabikho, yaye emva koko, wabona ukuba akukho usabela olova ababuleweyo ecaleni onencula yakhe. Kakhovsky eli xesha wadutyulwa ubalo kunye nompu. Duke uMikhail Pavlovich kunye Colonel Styurler wazama ukuba kuziswe ukulululamela lamajoni, kodwa zonke iinzame aziphumelelanga. Noko ke, abo bavukeli kabini kwawona uhlaselo soGuquko, nto leyo eyakhokelela Alexei Orlov.

Kwindawo waqokelela amashumi amawaka abahlali St. Petersburg, ukuba sympathized kunye bavukeli kunye waphosa Nicholas namatye zakhe yena nabantu kunye logs. Ngenxa yoko, sakha 'amakhonkco' ezimbini zabantu. Enye Wayengqongwe bavukeli, kwaye yabhalwa abo beza ngaphambili, kunye nezinye wabumba abo beza kamva, gendarmes kwindawo oko kuphinde uvunyelwe, ngoko abantu bemi emva Decembrists eyirhawula umkhosi karhulumente. Le ndawo wamzalela ingozi kunye Nicholas, lowo uthandabuzayo xa impumelelo yayo, wagqiba ukulungiselela amalungu amaqela losapho lobukumkani xa ufuna ukubaleka Tsarskoye Selo.

nokungalingani kwamandla

I koMlawuli entsha ezenziwe waqonda ukuba iziphumo yemvukelo Decembrists isenokungabi kwityala lakhe, ngoko ndacela Eugene metropolitans kunye uSeraphim abhenele isoldati isicelo lokurhoxa. Kuye na iziphumo, nebiziswa ngabathengisi, iinkxalabo enomfutho Nicholas. Kunjalo, wakwazi ukuba athathe inyathelo, ngelixa abo bavukeli bakhetha inkokheli esitsha (wamiselwa Prince Obolensky). imikhosi karhulumente inani izihlandlo ezingaphezu kwama ezine mkhulu umkhosi Decembrists: amawaka asithoba bayonets elihamba yaqokelelwa, namawaka amathathu FOUND umkhosi, kamva wathi gunners (ezingamashumi amathathu anesithandathu nemipu), iyonke - malunga elinambini lamawaka ngabantu. Ngumvukeli, njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla, kwakukho amawaka amathathu.

Ekubulaleni Decembrists

Xa evela Admiralty Boulevard kwabonakala Guards zokudubula, Nicholas wayalela ukuba wokudubula buckshot kwi "ihlokondiba", phezu kophahla yeeNgwevu kunye izindlu. Decembrists waphendula ngomlilo rifle ngoko nesichotho ebudeni basaba. Baqhubeka emva izithonga, amajoni indulumbane phezu sikumkhenkce Neva ngenjongo ukuya kwi Vasilevsky Island. On the Neva ice Bestuzhev izame ukumisela umyalelo yokudibana uze uye ku avanyisa. Abantu emgceni, kodwa emsebenzini ngemipu iinkozo. I ice eyonakele, antywiliselwa abantu. Isicwangciso ndingungantweni, ezitratweni nezikwere ebusuku bekukho amakhulu izidumbu.

Le yokubulawa kwetyala

Imibuzo malunga nyaka Decembrists qhankqalazo kwenzeka kwaye eliphele ngayo, ngokuqinisekileyo ukuphendula namhlanje, abaninzi. Nangona kunjalo, lo mcimbi yaba negalelo elikhulu kwimbali elandelayo Russia. Intsingiselo kuvukela i Decembrists 'akufunekanga ijongelwe phantse - ukuba yeyokuqala ubukhosi wadala umbutho wotshitsho, sisungule inkqubo yezopolitiko, nokulungiselela kunye nokuqhuba wombhodamo exhobileyo. Ngelo xesha abo bavukeli abakakulungeli ukuba izilingo eyalandela qhankqalazo. Abanye babo emva kwetyala wabulawa ngokuxhonywa (Ryleeva Pestel, Kakhovka kunye nezinye), nabanye elubhacweni eSiberia kunye nakwezinye iindawo. Kuluntu yahlula: abathile yaxhasa ukumkani, enye - loo mbuso akuphumelelanga. Ke abasindileyo ngokwabo njengabalweli benguqu epheleleyo oyisiwe, amanqina, abathinjwa, wayehlala intlungu engqondweni enzulu.

Ekuphetheni

Malunga koko, njani imvukelo Decembrists ke ngokufutshane kuxutyushwa kweli nqaku. Baye siqhutywa omnye umnqweno - isenzo wotshitsho nxamnye lobuzwilakhe kunye serfdom eRashiya. Kuba abantu abaselula nolangazelelo, emkhosini obalaseleyo, iingcali zefilosofi kunye abezoqoqosho, iinkcuba abadumileyo nokuzama lika uviwo: umntu wabonisa ngesandla esithe nkqi, umntu buthathaka, umntu abonisa ukuzimisela, inkalipho, sizincame, yaye umntu waqala nini, ayikwazanga ugcine ukuhamba, lweMedia.

Intsingiselo yembali yemvukelo Decembrists kukuba wabeka isiseko yesiko olululo. ukusebenza labo laba sisiqalo sophuhliso ngakumbi kwinkululeko ingcamango Wamakhosi eRashiya.