Warsaw qhankqalazo. I-Second World War. indaba

IMfazwe Yehlabathi II yaqala ngo-1939 waza wagqitywa 1945 Ukutyhubela lonke ixesha yokulwa wabulala inani elikhulu labantu, ngakumbi balimala, abaninzi engekhoyo. Xa ixesha ngalinye ngxabano waba amaqhawe ayo nobuntu impikiswano. Zonke iintlanga mdibaniso ukulwa nganye kwilizwe lakhe, zingawucongi ubomi. Yaba kungekho ngaphandle kwaye umzabalazo wenkululeko ePoland. Into ebalulekileyo kule xesha yaba 1944 Warsaw Uprising. Kuyo kukho iingxoxo unanamhla. Oonobangela kunye neziphumo esi siganeko abe ukutyhilwa eyahlukileyo kakhulu.

Imbali emfutshane pre-imfazwe Poland

Emva leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi e Poland, kukho kumzabalazo okunzulu ngamandla. Kuphela de-1926 kwabakho utshintsho of Government 5. Uqoqosho post-imfazwe siswele kakhulu, abemi anda ukunganeliseki. Kolu lwazi, kwabakho ubhedu J. Pilsudski. Ngenxa yoko, waba intloko yomkhosi, waza wonyulwa mongameli Ignatsi Mostsitsky. Eneneni, kweli lizwe ukuseka ngeqhudu yasemkhosini. Iminyaka elandelayo Poland yinkqubo yophuhliso. Ngowe-1935, phantsi kwe siseko omtsha, uninzi amalungelo yadluliselwa kamongameli. Kwaye 1938 wabona kokupheliswa Communist Party.

Germany ubeke phambili inani bufuna Poland, oko amagunya inkululeko ngo-1938. Emva ukulahlwa kwabo, kaSeptemba 1 1939 , imikhosi yaseJamani yaqala imfazwe. Kakade ku September 27, abahlaseli waseJamani wangena Warsaw. Emva kweveki bayishiya yokugqibela Polish unit omkhulu wamajoni, kwaye wonke loo mmandla ePoland phantsi umsebenzi. Kwi amazwe ahlala kumazwe kwakukho iintshukumo ezininzi abavukeli. Ezi ziquka: Army Ludowa, Ekhaya Army, ezahlukeneyo ezimeleyo intshukumo yabanqolobi. Yaba abo walungelelanisa Warsaw Uprising ka-1944.

Ukuma imikhosi phambi Warsaw Uprising

Umkhosi yiSoviet ngo-1944, wakhokela lohlaselo kuwo onke amanqanaba. A amajoni iintsuku ezimbalwa waya malunga 600 neekhilomitha. Fumana phambi phantse anqamka izinto. Air amandla ubengayixelanga ngokutsha ukuya moya elikufutshane ngaphambili. Ngokwesi sicwangciso, ukukhululwa Warsaw wayeza kubanjwa nelisemihlubulweni omabini Front 1 Belorussian. Ide ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti, amajoni bafika ledlelo Warsaw - Prague. Oku kwenziwa ukuze phambili 2nd Guards Tank Army. Kungekudala, yena ndandijongene ekhawuntaleni uxambuliswano yomkhosi waseJamani, nto leyo iye yazuza amandla ebonakalayo - ngokutsho kweminye imithombo, kwakukho 5 iyantlukwano vehicles German. ESoviet Army kwanyanzeleka ndiqale ukuqala ukuziphendulela. Abanye ababhali-mbali bathi lohlaselo eSoviet wayeka ngenxa yale siganeko, kunye amajoni zaphela 600 ngekhilomitha-Ukuphosa elide. Abanye abaphandi nembali yamajoni baqiqa ngelithi ubunkokheli nomkhosi umntu kukaStalin akazange unqwenela ukunika uncedo uxhathiso Polish, owaqalisa Warsaw Uprising ngo-1944.

Ukuqala kwako

Agasti 1, ikomkhulu Poland qhankqalazo yaqala. Esehlela neenkani yakhe National Army. Xa kwimbali Warsaw akhoyo kwakunye iintsuku abamnyama nabamhlophe. Nguwuphi Mabanike kwesi sihlandlo sexesha, kukho umbuzo edidayo. Emva kokuba intsimbi kwesinye iicawa ziye zaqala uyawalwela inkululeko lawo umzi kothiwa kususela kuloo bahlaseli German. Abahlala babengekho kokuqala Warsaw Uprising kwaye ekuqaleni ngokupheleleyo abazange bamlungiselele. Ngexesha nje elingephi, abavukeli ikwazile ukuba singene kumbindi wesixeko kunye nokusungula ngokupheleleyo ulawulo phezu kwayo. Kwangaxeshanye, izibonda wasilela ukufaka enqabeni yomkhosi, lo moya kunye iibhulorho eziphambili ngaphesheya komlambo. Oklemalas baseJamani wawa ukuze sixhathise imikhosi ezibalulekileyo wawagxotha bavukeli abasuka kwiindawo ezininzi.

Nangona emva inombolo ngokugaya olwenziwe Army Regional kakhulu natyetyiswa, ukuba Ingalo abantu babe nto. Ngowe-34 into enkulu kukhululwa 383 abakhonkxiweyo ekuvalelweni kwinkampu zafakwa ngexesha lesigaba sokuqala 1944 Warsaw Uprising. Ukususela ngoko abavukeli baqalisa ukudlala. I kufuneka athi ngomhla wokuqala kwimvukelo ukuba luqalile ezilahlekileyo malunga 2,000 mlilo. Ngoko ke abaninzi batshabalala zamajoni. Bathabatha ezitalatweni, yaye yaxhasa imvukelo njengoko abenako; ngothango, edlula abo bavukeli ngenxa imigudu komhlaba, luncedo ukuba amajoni abalimele. Ekubeni bonke aba bantu akukho amava yokulwa, baba ngamaxhoba okuqala iziqhushumbisi neziqhushumbisi.

A amagama ambalwa malunga Territorial Army

iqela Military, owenza kummandla Poland ngexesha Second World War, yaba igama Territorial Army. Kwaba ilawulwe kurhulumente Polish, nto leyo 1939 walishiya eli lizwe baqhubeka nemisebenzi yabo eLondon. Resistance AK kwandiselwa wonke kummandla Poland kwaye injongo yayo ephambili kulwa abahlali German. amatyala yokungqubana kwayo kunye nomkhosi ngokufuthi yenzekile. Abanye Ukugxeka AK kwiinzame atshabalalise imikhosi Ukrainian omzabalazo.

Eli nani likhulu lamajoni iiyunithi empi ngo-1944 - abantu malunga 380 amawaka .. Kubume bayo, yahlulelwe kwii zibanjwe - kwisiphaluka ezidibeneyo kwiphondo. Isakhiwo yayiquka AK nobukrelekrele, iiyunithi ngabom. Xa umsebenzi Warsaw Uprising Territorial Army kwaba ukuba ikhulule sixeko amaJamani de ukufika umkhosi eSoviet.

Little malunga Warsaw

Warsaw - likomkhulu lizwe yaseYurophu kunye ubutyebi bembali kunye kabuhlungu. Le dolophu imvelaphi yayo ndaweni phakathi kwenkulungwane XIII. Kanye ngelo xesha kwakukho lokuqala ityala elikhulu ezinqatyisiweyo kwi kummandla ikamva Warsaw. Ngowe-1526, emva kokufa Prince Mazowiecki isixeko ukuba uqhagamshele ubukumkani Polish waza ekunene nangokomyinge zonke zokuhlala. Ekupheleni ekuqaleni XVI XVII kwiinkulungwane Warsaw uba ikomkhulu Poland. Kwathi ngenxa yemeko lula geographical aloo mzi, kwakunye ngenxa yezizathu kuphela yezopolitiko.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII Warsaw wadlula ekuqaleni Prussia. Apho wahlala ixesha elifutshane yaye sele 1807 emva kokoyiswa uNapoleon, umkhosi Prussia kwasekwa Duchy of Warsaw. Kodwa iye yaphela ngo-1813. Kwathi emva uloyiso eentloko ezaxhobela Russian phezu uNapoleon. Yaqala phantsi ke into imbali entsha Poland. Ngokufutshane, eli xesha ingachazwa ube liqonga kumzabalazo geqe. Kodwa ukuvukela ngo-1830 no-1863 yaphela nya kunye nelahleko okuzimela nokuba nolulahlekisayo.

Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I Poland, ekugqibeleni, kwakhona wafumana yimeko yabo. Kwaqalisa ixesha zophuhliso kwilizwe ngokubanzi kunye Warsaw ngokukodwa. Ukwakhiwa izindlu ezintsha kunye nobumelwane yonke. Ngeli xesha, imephu Warsaw liye landa kakhulu.

Ngowe-1939, eli lizwe yokuqala, leyo yahlaselwa eJamani, waba Poland. iiveki Warsaw baninzi kangangesine bakhokela umzabalazo olungalinganiyo nxamnye bahlaseli, kodwa amabutho ukungalingani, kunye eyinkunzi bawa. Phantse nangoko, esi sixeko bakha intshukumo komhlaba ukulwa bahlaseli. Lonke amandla akhe, amaProtestanti ye Ekhaya Army, kwakunye nabantu amakhulu eminyaka ukusuka Abantu Umkhosi wagqiba ngowe-1944 ukuya qhankqalazo.

amaqela axhobileyo

Warsaw District Territorial Army ngu-30 000 amajoni, nto leyo phantse ngokuphindwe kabini yiJamani. Kodwa izixhobo ezilungileyo amaProtestanti phantse wayengekho. Kwakufuneka zokuzenzela 657 kuphela, imipu umatshini ezinye 47, 2.629 afohlela, iziqhushumbisi 50,000 nemipu kancinane ngaphezulu kwama 2500. Kuba inani elikhulu enjalo-mkhosi lowo encinane kakhulu. Sinokuthi umkhosi wamajoni wagqiba ukulwa kunye nezandla kunye rhoqo ngumkhosi onamandla waseJamani.

EJamani, waqala ngaso siphumele phantsi koxinzelelo amabutho Soviet, ngoko watshintsha ingqondo yakhe waza wabeka usukelo ephethe wawalwela Warsaw batsale ngokuba ekhaya ngaphandle inani elikhulu kwezixhobo. Ngenxa yoko, iqela waseJamani bezibandakanya imipu 600 esingazihlabeliyo namatanki, imipu malunga 1158 kunye mortars, kwakunye ethile 52 lamawaka amajoni.

E Warsaw ngokwayo kunye amaProtestanti walwa inkampani namapolisa:

• Cossacks njengenxalenye ye-69 le nomkhosi;
• Mabutho Ibutho 3;
• Division Russian 29 of the SS;
• division butho Muslim;
• Ibutho Ukrainian lamapolisa;
• Russian Liberation Abantu Umkhosi (RONA) Kaminski;
• webutho, Azerbaijani.

kumhlaba

Ngoxa ePoland, kwakukho iinkampu ephikisanayo yezopolitiko. Lokuqala - iKomiti Lublin, obemiswe yi abasemagunyeni yiSoviet kwisixeko Chelm ekupheleni kukaJulayi 1944. Bekucingelwa ukuba kukho ixesha lemfazwe izibonda, owaxhasa lo rhulumente, ngokuxhomekeke umyalelo jikelele emkhosini. Emva kwemfazwe, ikomiti kwafuneka ukuba athabathe ulawulo yelizwe ngokwayo.

Umkhosi eliphikisayo yaba izenzo ngurhulumente Polish, leyo ukususela ekuqaleni kwemfazwe umkile eLondon. Liyiqwalasele ngokwayo igunya kuphela ezisemthethweni. History of Poland ngokufutshane isixelela ukuba lo rhulumente umnxibelelanisi intshukumo ngabavukeli Polish, kuquka Territorial Army. Eyona njongo iphambili ye S. Mikolajczyk ukuba akhulule eWarsaw ukusuka ekhaya ngaphambi kokufika kwamandla Soviet, ukuba ukho na Poland ezimeleyo emva kwemfazwe. 1944 waba isigqibo loo njongo.

Ngalinye nkampu babefuna, enyanisweni, enye efanayo - ukukhululwa ukusuka umsebenzi yaseJamani. Kodwa ukuba iKomiti Lublin ubone ikamva Poland phantsi Protectorate yiSoviet, urhulumente London ijolise ngakumbi kwi-West.

Le ukuba balwe ka amaJamani kunye ukuziphendulela ledolophu endala

Emva kokuba amaJamani oklemalis kunye ukusekelwa ezifunyenweyo, waqala ezinkulu-isikali ingcinezelo abangcangcazelisi Warsaw Uprising. Abahlaseli baphosa ngothango, apho abavukeli wanceda ekwakheni abahlali, amatanki kunye nezixhobo. Silindele abahlaseli kwanyanzeleka ukuba abantu ukuhlangana, kwaye ngokwabo wema emva kwayo. Indlu apho luqalile kusithiwa lwazinziswa bavuthela kunye abahlala apho. Ngokutsho koqikelelo lwabemi preliminary, kwiveki yokuqala mvukelo, ngokubulala abemi malunga 50,000. Sinokuthi imaphu Warsaw waba iindawo ngaphantsi kwe ezimbini, njengoko yachithwa zabo.

Le militiamen zaye kuphoselwa Old City, apho umkhosi omkhulu. Ngenxa kwizitrato ezincinane, emagumbini namatonela nezibonda balwa kakhulu kuba yonke indlu. Kwicala langasezantsi enkampini yaba yecawa, eyathatha iiveki ezimbini, lo gama usebenzisa bomber zange zitshatyalaliswe ngokupheleleyo. Kumantla kweentsuku ezili-10, babesilwa ngokuba esibhedlele Ian kaThixo. Krasiński komkhulu leyo yayimi ukuya entshona indawo yokhuselo yasekuhlaleni, yathatha elide, ukuze malunga 5000 abavukeli usebenzisa izicatshulwa komhlaba yasebhotwe, bafudukela kwezinye izithili of Warsaw.

Agasti 28, ngokuthatha balwe enjalo, phantse yonke imikhosi yabanqolobi kwisithili endala yatshabalala. amajoni walimala abaneminyaka ufekethe adane kwiitanki. Kwaye abo kuthinjwa, amadoda angathi 2,000, wambulala ize itshiswe. September ukuziphendulela 2 isixeko ubudala zicinezelwa ngokupheleleyo.

Aviasnabzhenie

Phambi kokuqalisa mvukelo, urhulumente Polish ucele uncedo amaProtestanti kuyimfuneko isikhali. Ngoko ke, ekuqaleni Agasti moya waseBritani wenziwe nokuhlasela eziliqela. Inani elikhulu moya yatshabalala bahlaseli, abanye wabuyela kwisiseko. abathuthi kuphela embalwa likwazile ukubhabha ku Warsaw kunye ukuncipha. Ngenxa indawo eliphezulu iimbumbulu Ndawa amaJamani, yaye kuphela inani elincinane abaqhankqalazi ifikelele. A nefuthe elibonakalayo imeko oko akunakwenzeka.

US Air Force wabuza agadwe imvume eSoviet Union yomhlaba moya wabo USSR sonikezelo ngakumbi zezibonda. Isicelo sakhatywa. Izizathu zokwala, iqela ngalinye zitolikwe eyahlukileyo. Stalin ibhengeze ukuba Warsaw mvukelo - yinto gembula, yaye akafuni ukuthatha nayiphi na inxaxheba kuyo.

Aviation eSoviet baqala ukuxhasa bavukeli ethile kwi-13 Septemba. Ngenxa ukukhululwa emthethweni evela eziphakamileyo ephantsi, ukusebenza uncedo enjalo iye ebonakalayo ngaphezu Anglo-American. Ukususela ngelo xesha, moya eSoviet wenza ngaphezu kwekhulu nokuhlasela phezu Warsaw.

Isigaba phakathi kwimvukelo

September 9, Janai-Komorowski yenza lilinge lokuqala ukuthethana kunye amaJamani ukuba anikezele. Abo impendulo undithembise ukucinga Territorial Army amajoni namabanjwa. Kwangaxeshanye, amajoni eSoviet yenza ekhubekisayo, ngenxa apho amaJamani kwafuneka ukuba arhoxe ngaphaya Vistula, ukutshiswa kwo emva kwabo. Ndikulinde ukuba qhubela womkhosi kunye, izibonda abakafuni ukuba anikezele baze baqhubeke mvukelo yazo exhobileyo. Kodwa September 14 amajoni Soviet waphinde wayeka. Ngenxa yoko, le mvukelo xa kwafa ngokupheleleyo kwaye kukho inani eliqingqiweyo yeevenkile uqale oluphumayo.

Kuba bavukeli phakathi ku-Septemba ndakutywina kwiindawo nje ezimbalwa. Ngaphesheya sixeko kwakukho ngumzabalazo yonke indlu yonke isiqwenga somhlaba. Inxalenye Polish umkhosi izame nyanzela Vistula River, kubangele malunga ezintlanu ithathele bakwazi ukufumana. Ngelishwa, izixhobo kunye nezixhobo akaba nako phambili, ngoko ke uhlobo a gembula. Septemba 23 amabutho esitha yaphosa ezi zahlulo umva. amajoni Polish ilahleko kwisixamali esimalunga 4000 mlilo. Emva koko, amajoni la malungu ziye eziphawulwe yi kumabhaso umyalelo yiSoviet ukuba umzabalazo ubalulekileyo.

Ukoyiswa ukuthula

akuyi kuba kudala Ekhohlo ngaphandle kwenkxaso wamelana amaProtestanti. Ukusukela ngoSeptemba 24, amajoni aseJamani yahlasela Mokotów, apho sirhelele yi iintsuku ezintathu kuphela. Septemba 30 abahlaseli woyisa iziko yokugqibela uxhathiso kwi Żoliborz. Ummelwane-Komorowski Oktobha 1 wayalela sokuyeka umlilo, yaye ngosuku olulandelayo wafumana imiqathango ukuphuma, leyo phantse nangoko ukuba anyhashwe bahlaseli waseJamani. Yaphela kanjalo Warsaw qhankqalazo.

Ngexesha zokulwa, umkhosi labavukeli leepali elahlekileyo malunga 20,000 amajoni, 15,000 ngaphezulu basiwa banjwa. ukulahleka umphakathi Ngokutsho koqikelelo ezahlukeneyo ukususela 150 000 ukuya-200 000 abantu. Nokuba 700.000 izibonda ngebhaxa kuye Warsaw. ilahleko German ngolu hlobo: 17 000 babulawa, 5,000 ababuleweyo, kunye namatanki 300. Kwathiwa wabatshabalalisa iimoto amakhulu aliqela nemipu ezimbini elinesibini. ukukhululwa Warsaw bufika iinyanga kunye nje emithathu enesiqingatha - January 17, 1945. Ngalo lonke eli xesha ukuya emnyango amajoni Soviet amaJamani ngendlela wabatshabalalisa ilifa kwimbali nenkcubeko kwekomkhulu Poland. Kwakhona kwahanjwa ngemoto abemi kwiinkampu zoxinaniso ngabafakwa uviko eJamani.

Warsaw ukuvukela yonke ubumbaxa zonke iinguqulelo ezahlukileyo yenye yezona buhlungu yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi kunye nexesha nzima kubantu Polish. Unya amaJamani ngexesha kwezithandani yenkcaso wadlula yonke imida. German Empire, lo kwakungcono kufuphi ekupheleni, wagqiba ukuba, phezu izibonda, asisule Warsaw, ebusweni bomhlaba, kunye nenani elikhulu abemi balo. Ngelishwa, abezopolitiko kakhulu kwaye abantu babe namandla, azange nomphefumlo abantu abaqhelekileyo, kakhulu Bole uluvo lwabo. Vumela ithuba ngalinye ezifana yembali, ezifana Warsaw mvukelo, uza kufundisa abantu ukuba uthethwano nabanye yaye sibuxabise ubomi ngoxolo.