Umthetho kaKirchhoff kwi-teknoloji ye-electro-teknoloji

Ekubaleni izijikelezi zombane zokutshintsha kunye nokuthe ngqo ngoku, ngaphezu kwefomula eyaziwayo, i-Kirchhoff isetyenziswa kwakhona. Umntu onomsebenzi onxulumene nobunjineli bombane, nokuba phakathi kobusuku, ngaphandle kokungabaza, ukunika iinkcazo kwimithetho emibini. Ngokuqhelekileyo oku kuyimfuneko kangako ukwenza izibalo, kodwa kunoko ukuqonda iinkqubo ezenzekayo.

Kwixesha elikude le-1845, i-physicist yaseJalimane uGustav Kirchhoff yenze iMithetho emibili ngokusekelwe kwimisebenzi kaMaxwell (ukugcinwa kweentlawulo kunye neendawo zentsimi ye-electrostatic) , okuvumela ukuba kuboniswe ubudlelwane phakathi kwamanje kunye nombane kwisiphaluka sombane ovalwe. Siyabulela kule nto, kwaba lula ukucombulula malunga nantoni nayiphi na imisebenzi ehambelana nombane. Umthetho kaKirchhoff, owenziwe ukubala isiphaluka sombane, wenza ukuba kufikeleleke inkqubo yeklastiki yezilinganiso ezilinganayo ezithatha ingqalelo kwimigodi kunye nemigudu eyaziwa emva kwesisombululo seengxaki.

Amazwi athatha ukusetyenziswa kwemimiselo kagesi "intambo, iqhina kunye negatsha". Isebe naliphi na macandelo amacandelo amabini eetyunithi, inxalenye engabonakaliyo yechungechunge. Umqongqo yinkqubo yamasebe atyhiweyo, oko kukuthi, ngokuqala ukunyakaza kwengqondo ukusuka kwinqanaba elingenakucala kulo naliphi na isebe, ekugqibeleni uza kugqitywa kwindawo apho uhambo lwaqala khona. Amasebe ngokucacileyo abiza "ukukhishwa", nangona oku akukona ngokuchanekileyo. I-node ingongoma apho amabini amabini okanye amaninzi ahlangana khona.

Umthetho kaKirchhoff ulula kakhulu. Isekelwe kumgaqo obalulekileyo wokugcinwa kwentlawulo. Umthetho wokuqala kaKirchhoff uthi: isamba samaritha (i-algebraic), ejikeleza ngamasebe ukuya kwinqanaba elilodwa, liyi-zero. Oko kukuthi, I1 + I2 + I3 = 0. Kuba kuba kubalwa ukuba ixabiso leemitha ezigeleza kwi-node inomqondiso "+", kunye negalelo elithi "-". Ngako oko, ifomula eyongezelelweyo ithatha ifom I1 + I2 - I3 = 0. Ngamanye amagama: inani lamanje eligeleza kwi-node lilingana nomlinganiselo wokuphuma. Umthetho wesiKirchhoff ubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda imigaqo yokusebenza kwezixhobo zombane. Umzekelo, uchaza ukuba kutheni, xa udibanisa i-windings yombane wamandla ngokwempawu "yenkwenkwezi" okanye "unxantathu", akukho nxibelelo yesiganeko esicwangcisiweyo.

2 Umthetho kaKirchhoff uvame ukusetyenziswa ukubala i-loop evaliweyo kunye nenani elithile lamasebe. Inxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nomthetho wesithathu kaMaxwell (insimu yamandla angatshintshayo). Umgaqo uthi i-algebraic sum of stress stress in each branch of the contour equals sum of the values of the emf of all branches of the contour. Kucacile ukuba ngokungabikho kwemithombo yamandla kagesi (EMF) kwisiphaluli esivaliweyo, ukuhla kwexabiso lombane kuya kuba yinto. Ngolwimi olulula, amandla omthombo uguqulelwa kubabasebenzisi kuphela, kwaye xa ubuyisela kuhlawulela kwixabiso langaphambili. Ukusetyenziswa kwalo myalelo kunemibandela yamanani, njengoko kwimeko yangaphambili.

Ukwakha ukulingana kwesiphaluka, kuthathwa ukuba ixabiso leenombolo ze-EMF linomqondiso obonakalisiweyo ukuba isilathiso sokwaluleka (ngokuqhelekileyo ngokusesikweni) sihambelana nesikhokelo salo, kwaye sibi ukuba izikhokelo ziyahambelana. Kuyafana nokuxhatshazwayo: ukuba isalathiso samanje sifana ne-passpass ekhethiweyo, kwaye uphawu lwe "+" lunikezelwa ukutshaya kwamandla . Umzekelo, i-E1-E2 + E3 = I1R1 - I2R2 + I3R3 + I4R4 ...

Njengomphumo wokugqithisa onke amasebe angena kumncintiswano, inkqubo yokulinganisa ngokulinganayo ihlanganisiwe , isigqibo sokuba, kunokwenzeka ukuba ufumane zonke iirhanti zamasebe (kunye neenombolo). Ubudlelwane obangelwayo buxazululwa ngokusebenzisa umzila okhoyo wangoku.

Kunzima ukugxininisa ukubaluleka kwemithetho kaKirchhoff yobunjineli bamandla kagesi. Ukulula kokubhala amafomula kunye nesisombululo sabo ngoncedo lweendlela ze-algebra yesiqhelo kwakuyizathu yokusetyenziswa kwazo.