Ingqungquthela yeDarwin

Ingcamango yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kaCharles Darwin ithathwa njengomsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu kwi-biology ngokugqibela kuneminyaka eyikhulu. Nangona kunjalo, iingxabano kulo msebenzi zenzekile ukususela ngomhla wokupapashwa kwayo.

Ingcamango yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kaDarwin yaphuhliswa phantsi kwefuthe leengcamango ezazisasazeka eNgilani, ezibonisa imeko yezoqoqosho kunye nezoqoqosho kwezolo xesha - inkululeko yokhuphiswano kunye nomzabalazo jikelele wokuhlala koluntu. Ngelo xesha babebhekwa njengomthetho wendalo yonke.

Ingqungquthela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kaDarwin yasungulwa kwaye ngokuhambelana nokufumanisa kwakhe, into eyenziwa yenzululwazi xa ehamba ngomkhumbi "Beagle". Emva kokufunda i-geology yamazwe aseMzantsi Melika, wazibeka ekholweni lokuba izinto zemvelo zibaluleke kakhulu kwimbali yomhlaba kunye nemvelaphi yezityalo nezilwanyana ezihlala emhlabeni.

I-Paleontological findings isenza sikwazi ukubona ukufana phakathi kwezilwanyana ezazihlala kwintsimi yaseMzantsi Melika, kunye nezidalwa eziphelayo. UDarwin ufumana "iifom zenguqu" ezidibanisa iimpawu zeeyunithi eziliqela.

Ukubaluleka kwanikezelwa ekuhanjisweni kweendawo eziphilayo. Ngaloo ndlela, uDarwin wafumanisa ukuba inyama yaseMzantsi Melika iqulethe iifom ezingekho kwizilwanyana zaseMntla Melika. Kodwa isayense ngexesha elifanayo lalikholelwa ukuba ukufana kwehlabathi lezilwanyana zombini le mimandla kwakukho ngaphambili. Ukuzihlalisa i-faunas, ngokombono wakhe, kwenzeke malunga nokubonakala kwendawo ephambili eMexico.

Inomdla okhethekileyo yidata efunyenwe nguDarwin kwiiIlaseGalapagos, iikhilomitha ezili-950 ukusuka ecaleni lasentshonalanga laseMzantsi Melika e-Pacific Ocean. Ezi ziqithi zivela kwimvelaphi ye-volcanic, kwaye i-geologically yintsimi eselula. Ngethuba lophando, isayense yaqaphela ukufana okuthile kwezilwanyana zabo kunye nehlabathi lezilwanyana zaseMzantsi Melika. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ukungafani.

Ngaloo ndlela, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, ngokusekelwe kwizinto eziphathekayo eziqokelelweyo, izigqibo ezithile kunye nokuveliswa kwezinto ezazisenziwa yiDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo zazisekelwe. Izibonelelo zenziwe malunga nokuhlukahluka kweentlobo kunye nobunye ngokubhekiselele kwisakhiwo salo lonke uhlobo lwendalo, kumaqela emvelo, ngokunyuka kokufana kunye nokutshintshwa kweefom, kwindalo yembali yomhlaba kunye nokufana kweembrusi ezikwahlukileyo kwimihlathi yezilwanyana ezikude.

Ingcamango yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kaDarwin yaba yinto ephezulu kunazo zonke ezenzululwazi zendalo zangekhulu le-19. Le mfundiso yayilungiswa yinkqubo jikelele yokuphuhlisa ingcinga yenzululwazi kunye neemeko zentlalo-qoqosho.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngaphambi kokufika kweDarwinism, izazinzulu ezininzi zavakalisa iingcamango ezazikufutshane nezibonelelo ezichazwe kuyo. Kodwa, nangona uphuhliso oluqhubekayo lwenzululwazi yendalo kunye nokuqokelelwa kwezinto eziphambene nemfundiso ye-metaphysical, iimbono zendalo yokuhlala zihlala zilawula. Iimfundiso zikaDarwin zangaphambili zazingasombululi imibuzo eyintloko. Ngaloo ndlela, ukuvela kwintlobo enye yefom yefom entsha ayizange ibonakaliswe. Ingxaki yokufaneleka nokufaneleka kwendlela entsha yobume kwiimeko ezizungezile ayizange isombulule. Kwaye, ekugqibeleni, kuphakanyiswe umbuzo wemibutho yokuqhuba nokuphuhlisa.

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, ngokubhekiselele kuDarwin, isombulule imiba ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphuhliseni imvelo yokuphila kwimeko yokujonga izinto ezibonakalayo zendalo. Ukuba nefuthe elikhulu ekuphuhlisweni kwayo yonke i- biology ye-biological, imfundiso yaba negalelo ekuqiniseni ukuqonda kwezilwanyana zasendle ngokubanzi, ukusetyenziswa kwenkcazo yezinto eziphathekayo kwizinto ezibonakalayo zokuphumelela. UDarwin kwiingcamango zakhe akazange asebenzise kuphela ulwazi oluchanekileyo, kodwa abuye ahlaziya ngokugqibeleleyo izigqibo zakhe, ngokuqwalasela impumelelo yezolimo kunye ne-biology ngokubanzi.