I-Principle Le Chatelier: uphuhliso lwezenzululwazi lwenkulungwane ye-18

Abantu abaninzi bayazi malunga nobukho bomgaqo weLe Chatelier ukusuka kwibhenki yesikolo. Kodwa bambalwa baqonda kwaye banokuchaza ukuba yintoni lo mgaqo odumileyo.

Usosayensi waseFransi utshele ihlabathi ngomthetho wesilinganiselo esinamandla ngo-1884. Ngomhla wokugqibela kwekhulu leshumi elinesithoba, ukufumanisa kwakubaluleke kakhulu kwaye kwangoko kwakha umdla wabantu besayensi. Kodwa ngenxa yokungabikho kokusebenzisana kwezenzululwazi lwamazwe ngamazwe inkulungwane nesigamu esadlulayo kuphela abantu basekhaya babesazi ngokuphumelela kwezesayensi yeLay Chatelier. Ngowe-1887, isazi senzululwazi waseJamani uKarl Ferdinand Brown, owazimela ngokuzimeleyo umthetho wesayense, engazi ngokufunyanwa komFrentshi, wathi ngokutshintshwa kwe-chemical equilibrium phantsi kweenguqu zangaphandle. Akuyona ingozi ukuba lo mgaqo udla ngokuba ngumgaqo weLe Chatelier-Brown.

Ngoko yintoni umgaqo we-Chatelier?

Iinkqubo ezilinganayo zizama ukugcina ukulingana kwazo kunye nokuxhomekeka kwamandla angaphandle, izinto kunye nezimo. Lo mgaqo usebenza kuzo zonke iinkqubo kunye nayiphi nayiphi na inkqubo: iikhemikhali, umbane, umatshini, i-thermal. Umgaqo we-Le Chatelier unomsebenzi obalulekileyo owenzela ukuphendulwa kweekhemikhali.

Impembelelo yeqondo lokushisa kwizinga lokusabela lixhomekeke ngokuthe ngqo kwindlela yokuphendula ngenxa yempembelelo ye-thermal. Ngokunyuka kweqondo lokushisa, ukutshintsha kwimeko yokulingana ngokubhekiselele ekusebenziseni ukuphela komzimba kubonwa. Ukunciphisa izinga lokushisa, ngokulandelanayo, kukhokelela ekutshintshelweni kwendlela yokulingana kwemichiza ngokubhekiselele ekusebenziseni ubuhlungu. Isizathu salo sibonakala kwinto yokuba xa inkqubo isuswe kwi-equilibri ngamandla angaphandle, iya kuba yinto engathembeki phantsi kwezinto zangaphandle. Ukuxhomekeka kweenkqubo eziphelileyo kunye neengxowankulu kwimeko yokulinganisa kuboniswa ngu-Van't Ho equation:

V2 = V1 * y (T2-T1) / 10,

Apho iV2 iyinqanaba lokusabela kweekhemikhali kwishishini elitshintshileyo, i-V1 yindlela yokuqala yokusabela ngayo, kwaye y iyimitha yeparameter eyahlukileyo.

Usosayensi waseSweden u-Arrhenius wanciphisa i-formula yokuxhomekeke kwindlela yokuphendula ngayo izinga lokusabela kummandla weqondo lokushisa.

K = A • e (-E (RT)), apho i-E yimizi yokusebenza, i- R iyisoloko ihlala yerhasi, kunye neT itshisa kwi-system. Ixabiso le-A lihlala lihlala njalo.

Njengoko uxinzelelo landa, ukutshintshwa kwe-chemical equilibri kubonakala kwindlela apho izinto zihlala zincinci. Ukuba umthamo wezinto zokuqala ukhulu kunomthamo weemveliso zempendulo, ngoko umlinganiso ushintshela kwizinto zokuqala. Ngako oko, ukuba umthamo weemveliso ezithandwayo zigqithise umthamo we-reagents, ngoko umlinganiso ushintshela ekujoliswe kuyo kwimichiza yamachiza. Kucingwa ukuba i-mole nganye yegesi inomqulu ofanayo phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Kodwa utshintsho kwingcinezelo kule nkqubo alisoloko luchaphazela ukulingana kwemichiza. Umgaqo we-Le Chatelier ubonisa ukuba ukongezwa kwegesi ye -inert ukuze utshintshe utshintsho, kodwa aluyikususa inkqubo kwi-equilibrium. Kule meko, kuphela uxinzelelo olunxulumene nezinto ezenziwayo kubalulekile ekuphenduleni (i-helium ayinayo i-electrons yamahhala, ayinxibelelwano nezinto kwi-system).

Ukongezwa kwexabiso elithile lezinto kwiimpendulo kubangelwa ukutshintshwa kwelinganiselo kwinkqubo apho le nkunkuma iba yincinci.

Ukulingana kunomlinganiselo onamandla. "Iphazamisekile" kwaye "idibene" ngendlela yendalo ngexesha lokuphendula. Masicacise le meko ngomzekelo. I-hydrogenation yesisombululo se-bromine ivelisa i- hydrobromic acid. Kufika ixesha apho umkhiqizo wokugqibela usungulwa kakhulu, ivolumu yayo idlula umthamo weemolomojeni ze-hydrogen kunye ne-bromine, izinga lokuphendula linciphisa. Ukuba ungeze i-hydrogen okanye i-bromine kwinkqubo, impendulo iya kuhambelana nolunye uhlangothi.