Imiphumo emihle kunye ne-enthalpy yolwazi. Isingeniso kwi-thermochemistry

I-enthalpy yokwakheka, ekubeni yipropati ebalulekileyo ye-thermodynamic yezinto zephemikhali, ebonisa ukuba unamandla kangakanani kwisakhiwo sayo se-molecular ingaguqulelwa ibe ngumlilo, yenye yeengcamango eziphambili ze-chemistry ye-thermodynamic. Eli sebe lezenzululwazi libandakanya ukufundiswa kweendleko zokushisa kweempendulo ezahlukeneyo kunye nokuxhomekeka kwabo kwiimpawu ezihlukeneyo ze-physico-chemical, amandla okushisa kunye nokuguquka kwesigaba. I-enthalpy yokwakheka (ukusuka kwisiGrike "entalpio" - "ukushisa") yamakhemikhali asebenzayo anquma inani elifunekayo lamandla ukwenza isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi kwizinto ezilula, ezithathwe, njengommiselo, kwilizwe elizinzile.

Ngokomzekelo, i-hydrogen, i-nitrogen okanye i-oksijeni, le ifomu le-gaseous, i-carbon i-graphite, kunye ne-bromine, imeko yamanzi. I-enthalpy yolwakhiwo yipropati ebalulekileyo kakhulu ye-thermochemical, kuba ayivumeli kuphela ukuphumeza iingxaki zeengxaki, kodwa nokuphuhlisa ubuchwepheshe beekhemikhali kunye nokwenza izixhobo eziyimfuneko ekuphunyezweni kwazo. Kwaye oku kunokwenzeka kuphela ukuba kukho ulwazi olunokwethenjelwa kunye nolwazi lwesayensi malunga nempahla ye-physicochemical kunye ne-thermodynamic yamacandelo ahlukeneyo. Ulwazi olulolo hlobo luhlala luba ngaphezu kwama-50 ekhulwini lwedata yokuqala xa kwakhiwa izixhobo eziyinkimbinkimbi zenzululwazi zenzululwazi okanye iinjongo zoshishino.

Ngoko ke, ukufundwa kwezinto ezinjalo zezinto ezinjenge-enthalpy yolwakhiwo namhlanje ngumnye wemimandla ephambili ye-thermochemistry, apho ukulinganisa kwe- thermodynamic ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa ukucacisa ubungakanani obuninzi. Ziyabonisa ukuba zizonke zikarhulumente zombutho, kwaye umphumo we-thermal uthathwa njengomnye wemveliso yokusebenzisana.

Ukufudumala kwamanzi, okubandakanya i-enthalpy yokubunjwa kwento, ichongwa ngeendlela zee calorimeters zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Ibhokhwe ebizwa ngokuba yi-calorimetric ibhomu isitsha esivaliwe kakuhle sophawu oluphambili, apho amandla okushisa akhululwe ngenxa yempendulo yamachiza isetyenziselwa ukunyusa izinga lokushisa kwindawo yangaphakathi. I-calorimeter iqulethe izinto ezinokuthi ziphendule, kwaye ikhondo lempendulo liqaliswe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Emva koko, iqondo lokushisa liphakathi langaphakathi lilinganiswa ngethemometer okanye i-thermocouple.

Ngale ndlela, i-enthalpy esemgangathweni yokubunjwa kwamawaka amaninzi wezinto zilinganiswa. Zonke iinkcukacha ezifunyenweyo zibhalwe ngokukhawuleza kwaye zibhaliswe ngokukhawuleza kwizikhokelo ezizodwa kunye neetafile. Kwakhona, i-enthalpy yokubunjwa kwezinto ezihlukeneyo ingabalwa ngezibalo, isebenzise ubuninzi bezinto kunye nemveliso yokuphendula kwabo. Kule nto, ukulinganiswa kwe-thermodynamic ekhankanywe ngentla apha kusetyenziswa.

Izinto ezilula ziphantse ziba ne-enthalpy yolwazi olulinganayo ne-zero. Yintoni kwakhona ithathwa ingqalelo kwiibalo. Kwaye le propati ye-thermodynamic, umzekelo, ye-phosphorus trichloride ingabalwa yile fom elandelayo:

P (s) + ₁ 1 C ₃ = PC (x)

Ukufumana isinyithi se-gaseous (Fe, AL), i-enthalpy yolwahlulo ihluke kwi-zero kwaye ibonisa utshintsho lwe-thermochemical ekutshintsheni ukusuka kummandla oqinileyo (umgangatho) kwi-gaseous state. Ixabiso elinjalo libonwa njenge-enthalpy yokukhupha, ebizwa ngokuba yi-atomization.