UCatherine II: umgaqo-nkqubo wokukhanyisa i-absolutism (ngokufutshane). UCatherine Catherine Omkhulu

UCatherine II uAlekseevna wabusa ukususela ngo-1741 ukuya ku-1796. Wazama ukuqhubeka nekhosi, eyathathwa nguPeter I. Kodwa ngelo xesha wayefuna ukulandela iimeko zexesha elitsha. Ngethuba lokulawula kwakhe, ukuguqulwa kwamanyathelo aphezulu okulawulwayo kwenziwa kwaye intsimi yombuso yanda kakhulu. I-Impress yayineengcinga kunye nekhono lommeli omkhulu.

Injongo yolawulo lukaCatherine II

Ukubhaliswa ngokusemthethweni kwamalungelo eendawo ezizimeleyo - iinjongo ezibekwe nguCatherine 2. Umgaqo-nkqubo wokukhanyisa i-absolutism, ngokufutshane, yinkqubo yentlalo, xa u-monarch eqonda ukuba ungumphathiswa wolawulo, ngelixa iklasi liqonda ngokuzithandela uxanduva lwayo kumlawuli olawulayo. UCatherine oMkhulu wayefuna ukuba umanyano phakathi komlawuli kunye noluntu lufezekiswe kungekhona ngokunyanzelisa, kodwa ngokuqaphela ngokuzithandela ngamalungelo kunye noxanduva lwabo. Ngelo xesha, uphuhliso lwemfundo, urhwebo kunye noshishino, isayensi yakhuthazwa. Kwakhona kweli xesha, i-journalism yazalwa. I-French Lightingers-Diderot, iVoltaire - yilabo abo umsebenzi wabo wawukhokelwa nguCatherine 2. Umgaqo-nkqubo wokukhanyisa i-absolutism ukhankanywe ngokufutshane apha ngezantsi.

Yintoni ekhanyiswayo i-absolutism?

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokukhanyisa i-absolutism wathathwa ngamaqela aseYurophu (iPrussia, eSweden, ePortugal, e-Austria, eDenmark, eSpeyin, njl.). Ingundoqo yomgaqo-nkqubo wokukhanyisa i-absolutism yinto yokuzama ukuguqula imeko yakhe ngokubhekiselele kwiimeko zokuphila. Oku kwakuyimfuneko ukwenzela ukuba kwakungekho nququlelo.

Isiseko seengcamango sokukhanyisa i-absolutism kwakuzinto ezimbini:

1. Ifilosofi yeSikolo.
2. Imfundiso yobuKristu.

Ngomgaqo onjalo oqhubekayo, ukungenelela karhulumente kwizoqoqosho, ukuhlaziywa kunye nokuqulunqwa kwemithetho, ukuqinisekiswa kwefa kufuneka kuyancitshiswe. Kwakhona, icawa kwafuneka ithobele i-state, i-censorship yayibuthathaka okwesikhashana, ukunyatheliswa kwincwadi kunye nemfundo zakhuthazwa.

Ukuguqulwa kweSenethi

Enye yeenguqu zokuqala zikaChristine II yenguqu ye-Senate. Ummiselo kaDisemba 15, 1763 utshintshe igunya kunye nesakhiwo seSenate. Ngoku uyanqandwa kwamandla omthetho. Ngoku uzalisekisa kuphela umsebenzi wokulawula kwaye wahlala ephakamileyo.

Utshintsho lwezakhiwo luhlule i-Senate kumasebe angama-6. Ngamnye wabo wayenalo ubuchule obucacileyo. Ngaloo ndlela, ukuphumelela komsebenzi wakhe njengegunya eliphambili kuphuculwe. Kodwa ngelo xesha i-Senate isibe isitsha kwizandla zabasemagunyeni. Kwakumelwe athobele umlawuli.

Ikhomishini emileyo

Ngomnyaka we-1767, uCatherine Catherine Omkhulu wabuthela iKomishini. Injongo yalo kwakukubonisa ubunye benkosi kunye nezifundo. Ukuze kwenziwe ukhomishoni, ukhetho lwaqhutywa kwiindawo, abalimi abazimeleyo babengabakho. Ngenxa yoko, ikhomishina yayinamagosa angama-572: amaqhawe, amaziko karhulumente, abalimi kunye neCosasacks. Umsebenzi wekhomishoni kwakukuhlanganisela imigaqo yemithetho, kwaye kwakhona ukubuyisela i-Sobornoye Code ye-1649. Ukongezelela, bekufuneka ukuba kuphuhliswe amanyathelo ama-serfs ukulungiselela ubomi babo. Kodwa oku kwakhokelela ekuqhekekeni kwekhomishini. Iqela ngalinye lamagosa limela iminqweno yabo. Iingxabano zathatha ixesha elide kangangokuthi uCatherine Ukhulu wacinga ngokugqithiseleyo ngokumisa umsebenzi wabameli abahlanganisiweyo. Ikhomishina yasebenza iminyaka kunye nesiqingatha kwaye yachithwa ekuqaleni kwempi yaseRussia-Turkish.

ICharter of Honor

Phakathi kwe-70s kunye neyokuqala kwe-90, uCatherine II wenza izinto ezinkulu zokuguqula. Isizathu solu lungiso luyi-Pugachev. Ngoko ke, kwakukho isidingo sokomeleza amandla angama-monarchical. Amandla olawulo lwengingqi ayenyuka, inani lamaphondo landa, i-Zaporozhskaya Sich yachithwa, iseshya yaqalisa ukusasaza e-Ukraine, amandla omnini-mhlaba phezu kwabasimili banamandla. UGubernia wayekhokelwa ngurhuluneli, owayephethe yonke into. Igosa likarhulumente-jikelele lidibanise amaphondo amaninzi.

Incwadi engenamaphepha ukuya kwiidolophu ukususela ngo-1775 iye yandise amalungelo abo ekulawuleni ngokwazo. Wakhulula nabarhwebi ekuqeshweni nakwerhafu ye- poll. Ushishino lwaqala ukuphuhlisa. Urhuluneli lawulawula izixeko, kwaye umphathi, umphathi wamapolisa okhethwe ngumbutho ohloniphekileyo, walawula i-yezds.

Iklasi nganye ngoku ineziko layo elikhethekileyo lamagosa. Amagunya aphakathi aguqulwa kwiziko lokungcungcuthela kumaziko angingqi. Iingxaki kunye nemiba yaqala ukuxazulula ngokukhawuleza.

Ngomnyaka we-1785, iCharter yaba nguqinisekiso lwe-libertine ehloniphekileyo, eyaqaliswa nguPeter III. Ezi zidima ziye zaxoshwa kwi-punal coral kunye nokuthathwa kwepropati. Ukongezelela, babeza kudala amaqumrhu alawulayo.

Ezinye iinguqulelo

Amanye amanyathelo okulungisa ayenziwa xa umgaqo-nkqubo wokukhanyisa i-absolutism wenziwa. Ithebhile ibonisa ezinye iinguqu ezibalulekileyo zeempress.

Ikhosi entsha ayizange ifake ingcambu

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokukhanyisa i-absolutism eRussia awuzange uhlale ixesha elide. Emva kweenguqulelo eFransi ngo-1789, uMmpress wagqiba ekubeni atshintshe ikhosi yezopolitiko. Ukunyanzelisa iincwadi kunye namaphephandaba kwaqala ukuqinisa.

UCatherine II waguqula uMbuso waseRashiya waba ngumbuso wamandla onamandla onamandla. Ubuhle buba yiklasi elinobugcisa, amalungelo abantu abahloniphekileyo ekulawuleni ngokwawo awandiswa. Iimeko ezikhethiweyo zenziwe ukuba ilizwe liqhubeke nokuphuhlisa ezoqoqosho. Konke oku kwenziwa nguCatherine 2. Umgaqo-nkqubo wokukhanyisa i-absolutism, ukuthetha ngokufutshane, eRussia igcinwe kwaye yomeleza ubukumkani obupheleleyo, kunye ne-serfdom. Iingcamango ezisisiseko zikaDidierot noVoltaire azange zithathe iingcambu: iifom karhulumente azange zipheliswe, kwaye abantu abazange balingane. Kunoko, ngokuchasene noko, umahluko phakathi kweendawo zanda. Ulwaphulo-mthetho lukhuliswe kweli lizwe. Abemi abazange baxakeke ukuhlawula iimbozo ezinkulu. Yiyiphi imbangela yomgaqo-nkqubo olandelwa nguCatherine 2, umgaqo-nkqubo wokukhanyisa i-absolutism? Ngokufutshane, inokuthi ichazwe ngale ndlela ilandelayo: yonke inkqubo yezemali yawa kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ingxaki enkulu kwezoqoqosho.