Ukufunyanwa kweSouth Pole. URoald Amundsen noRobert Scott. Izikhululo zophando e-Antarctica

Ukufunyanwa kweSouth Pole - iphupha elidlulileyo leeminyaka labaphenyi beepolisi - kwinqanaba layo lokugqibela ehlobo le-1912 lithatha uhlobo lomdlalo ophakathi kweendwendwe zezo zibini zombini - eNorway naseBrithani. Okokuqala, iphelile ngokuphumelela, kwabanye - ngeentlekele. Kodwa nangona kunjalo, abahamba phambili, uRual Amundsen noRobert Scott, owamkhokelela, bangena kwimbali yelizwekazi lesithandathu ngonaphakade.

Abaphandi bokuqala beendlela ezisemzantsi

Ukutshatyalaliswa kweSouth Pole kwaqala ngaloo minyaka xa abantu bekrokrela ukuba kwindawo ethile emaphethelweni eMzantsi Intlabathi kufuneka kubekho umhlaba. Ookuqala wabanxweme ababenokukwazi ukusondela kuye ngu- Amerigo Vespucci, ohamba ngomkhumbi eMzantsi Atlantic kwaye ngo-1501 wafikelela kwisiqingatha se-50.

Kwakuyixesha xa kutholakala izinto ezinzulu zokufumanisa. Ngokuchazela ngokufutshane ukuhlala kwakhe kule mimandla yangaphambili eyayingenakufikeleleka (iVespucci yayingeyena nje umgcini wolwandle, kodwa isazi senzululwazi), waqhubeka nohambo lwakhe waya emanxwemeni eAfrika-entsha, ebizwa ngokuba namhlanje.

Ukufunda ngokuchanekileyo kwimizila engasentla ekuthembekeni kokufumana umhlaba ongaziwa malunga neenkulungwane ezintathu kamva wenziwa nguNgesi owaziwayo uJames Cook. Wayekwazi ukuthetha nayo ngakumbi, sele efikelele kwimizuzu engamashumi asixhenxe yesibini, kodwa ukuqhubela phambili kwakhe ngasezantsi kwakunqandwa yi-Antarctic icebergs kunye ne-ice floating.

Ukufunyanwa kwelizwekazi lesithandathu

I-Antarctica, i-South Pole, kunye neyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu-ilungelo lokubizwa ngokuba nguvulindlela kunye novulindlela bamazwe anqamle i-ice kunye nobuqaqawuli obuhambelana nale meko abazange banike ukuphumla kwabaninzi. Kuyo yonke iXestile yeXIX kwakukho iinzame ezingapheliyo zokulwa nelizwekazi lesithandathu. Abasemkhosini bethu uMikhail Lazarev noThadede Bellingshausen, abaye bathunyelwa yiRussia Geographical Society, isiNgesi u-Clark Ross, oye wafikelela ekuhambeni kwemashumi asibhozo anesibhozo, kunye nabafundi be-German, isiFrentshi nabaseSweden, bathatha inxaxheba kuwo. La ma shishini atyathwa yimpumelelo kuphela ekupheleni kwekhulu, xa uAustralia uJohn Bull ewa phantsi kwelokuqala kwinqanaba le-Antarctica engaziwayo.

Ukususela ngeli thuba, kungekhona nje izazinzulu kodwa kunye nabasebenzi be-whalers baye bafika emanzini ase-Antarctic, apho ulwandle olubandayo lwalumele indawo enkulu yorhwebo. Unyaka emva konyaka, unxweme lwaphuhliswa, izikhululo zokuqala zophando zavela, kodwa iSouth Pole (iqondo layo lemathematika) lalingenakufikelela. Kule ngongoma, ngokukhawuleza kwimibuzo ephakamileyo: ngubani na oya kukwazi ukufikelela phambili kumncintiselwano kunye neflegi yakhe yesizwe iya kuqala ukuphakama kwiphondo elisemzantsi?

Uhlanga oluya eSouth Pole

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, iinzame zenziwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuze zinqobe ikhonkco elingenakufikeleleka loMhlaba, kwaye ixesha ngalinye abahloli bamapolisa bakwazi ukuthetha naye ngokubanzi. Ingqungquthela yafika ngo-Oktobha 1911, xa iinqanawa ezimbini zokuhamba-iBritish, phantsi kolawulo lukaRobert Falcon Scott, kunye neNorway, ekhokelwa yiRoal Amundsen (i-South Pole yona yayiyindoda endala kwaye ixabisekileyo), phantse ngokuxhomekeke kunxweme lwe-Antarctica. Baye bahlukana ngamakhilomitha ambalwa nje.

Kuyathakazelisa, okokuqala ukuhamba kweNorway kwakungeke kuqhutywe iSouth Pole. U-Amundsen kunye nabasebenzi bakhe babesendleleni eya eArtictic. Yayiyiphondo elingasentla loMhlaba owabonakala kwizicwangciso zomqhubi onqwenela ukuhamba. Nangona kunjalo, endleleni, wamkela umyalezo othi iNtshona Pole yayingenise kwi-American - Cook nePiri. Engathandi ukuyeka isikhundla sakhe, u-Amundsen waguquka ngokugqithiseleyo kwaye wajika waya ngasezantsi. Ngaloo ndlela, wacela umngeni kwiBritani, kwaye abazange bakwazi ukumela ukuhlonelwa kohlanga lwabo.

Umlingani wakhe, uRobert Scott, ngaphambi kokuba azizinikele kwimisebenzi yophando, ixesha elide likhonza njengegosa leenqwelo zeenqanawa ze-Majesty waza wafumana amava anelungelo lokulawula iinqwelo zokulwa kunye nabanqumlayo. Emva kokuthatha umhlalaphantsi, wachitha iminyaka emibini emanxwemeni ase-Antarctica, ethatha inxaxheba emsebenzini weziko lesayensi. Bade bazama ukwenza indlela yabo kwisibonda, kodwa bebehamba phambili kakhulu kwiinyanga ezintathu, uScott waphoqeleka ukuba abuyele.

Ngomhla wokuhlaselwa ngokugqibeleleyo

Amacandelo ekufezekisa injongo kwinkundla yasekuqaleni yase-Amundsen-Scott yayihlukile kumaqela. Isithuthi esikhulu saseBrithani sasinamahashe aseManchu. Aphantsi kwaye aqinile, awakwazi ukulungeleka kangcono kwiimeko zeepolitudes. Kodwa, ngaphandle kwabo, ukulahlwa kweendwendwe kwakukho imveli kwimeko enje inja kunye neyinto epheleleyo yezo zinto-iimoto zokuhamba. AmaNorwegi, kuwo onke, athembela kwiindawo ezikukumntla we-hounds, ezifunekayo ukuba zitshintshe ezine ezinezixhobo, ezithwele kakhulu izixhobo, yonke indlela.

Bobabini bafanele bahambe ngeekhilomitha ezili-8 ukuya kweyodwa, kunye nemali efanayo (ukuba bahlala bephila, kunjalo). Ngaphambi kwabo kwakunamaqhwala, anqunywe ngamaqabunga angamazantsi, amaqabunga aqatha, ahamba kunye neziqhwala zekhephu kunye neziqhwala zekhephu kwaye angabandakanyi ngokupheleleyo ukubonakala, kunye neziqhwala ezingenakukuphepha, iintlekele, indlala kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zokunciphisa kwiimeko ezinjalo. Umvuzo omnye weqela kwakuza kuba luzuko lwabafumanisi kunye nelungelo lokukhupha iflegi yamandla abo kwisibonda. AbaNorwegi nabaseBrithani babengabikho namathandabuzo ukuba umdlalo wawulungele ikhandlela.

Ukuba uRobert Scott wayenolwazi olunzulu kwaye unolwazi kwi-navigation, u-Amundsen wachaza ngokucacileyo njengomphenyi owaziwayo. Ukuguqulwa okuqinileyo kwipolisi kwakusandulelwe ubusika kwilizwekazi lase-Antarctic, kwaye isiNorway yazikhethela indawo efanelekileyo ngakumbi kunabo baseBrithani. Okokuqala, inkampu yabo yayingamayela angamakhulu ama-150 ukuya kutsho ekugqibeleni ukuhamba ngaphandle kweBrithani, kwaye okwesibini, indlela esuka kuyo ukuya kwi-pole yase-Amundsen yafakwa ngendlela ekwazi ukuwela kuyo iindawo ezinqabileyo ezinqabileyo kwixesha lelo nyaka Neziqhwala zekhephu ezingapheliyo kunye neziqhwala zekhephu.

Ukuphumelela nokutshatyalaliswa

Inkokheli yamaNorwegi yakwazi ukwenza lonke uhambo olucetywayo kwaye yabuyela kwinkampu yenkampu, idibana nexesha elifutshane lehlobo laseAntarctic. Kuhlala nje kuphela ukuyihlolisisa ubuchule kunye nobuqili apho u-Amundsen ebambe iqela lakhe, ngokuhambelana nokuchaneka okungenakuqulunqwa kwenkqubo. Phakathi kwabantu ababemthembayo, bekungabikho nje abafileyo, kodwa nabo bafumana ukulimala okukhulu.

Inkqubela eyahlukileyo ekulindelwe ukuhamba kweScott. Ngaphambi kweyona nto inzima kakhulu yendlela, xa injongo yayiyikhulu elinamanci amahlanu ukusuka kude, amalungu okugqibela enkxaso encedayo yajika, kwaye abaphandi abahlanu baseBrithani bazibophelela kwiimpahla ezinzima. Ngeli xesha, onke amahashe ayewile, iimoto ezihamba ngeemoto zazingekho myalelo, kwaye izinja zazidliwa kuphela ngabaphenyi beepolisi ngokwabo-kwafuneka baye kwimilinganiselo eyingozi yokuphila.

Ekugqibeleni, ngoJanuwari 17, 1912, ngenxa yemigudu engaqhelekanga, bafikelele kwimaphu yeMathematika eMzantsi, kodwa apho babexhalabile. Yonke into eyayijikelezileyo yayigqithwe ngababambene ababebekho phambi kwabo. Ekhephu kwakukho iimpawu zabagijimi beemfestile kunye neenjazi zeenja, kodwa intente, eyayibhapha phakathi kweqhwa, yayingqina ngokuqinisekileyo ngokutshatyalaliswa kwayo, phezu kwayo ifulegi yaseNorway. Hayi, ukufunyanwa kweSouth Pole kwaphulwa ngabo.

Ngaloo ntshukumo, eyasinda kumalungu eqela lakhe, uScott washiya ukungena kwidayari. Ukudumala okwesabisayo kwamenza iBrithani ibe yinto eshaqisayo. Bachitha ubusuku obulandelayo bengalali. Babexinzelelwe iingcamango zendlela ababeza kujongeka ngayo emehlweni abo bantu, ngamakhulu eekhilomitha kunye nelizwekazi leqhwa, beqhwala kwaye bawela emaphandleni, bancedisa ukuba bafike kwicandelo lokugqibela lomgwaqo baze bathathe isigqibo esiphumeleleyo kodwa singaphumeleli.

Inkathazo

Nangona kunjalo, nangona kunjalo, kwakudingeka ukuqokelela amandla nokubuyela. Amakhilomitha asibhozo anesibhozo endleleni ephakathi kokuphila nokufa. Ukusuka kwelinye ikampu eliphakathi kunye namafutha kunye nemveliso kwelinye, abahloli beepolisi balahlekelwa amandla abo. Imeko yabo yonke imihla yaba yithemba. Ukuhamba kweentsuku ezimbalwa, inkampu yaqala ukutyelela ukufa-omncinci wabo wafa kwaye wabonakala eqinile ngokomzimba uEdgar Evans. Umzimba wakhe wangcwatywa ekhephu waza wagcwala iqhwa eliqatha.

Ixhoba elilandelayo lalinguLawrence Ots - umphathi we-dragoon, oye waya kwisibonda, eqhutywe yinkxwaba yokuhamba. Iimeko zokufa kwakhe ziphawuleka kakhulu - waziqhayisa iingalo kunye nemilenze kwaye eqonda ukuba wayeba ngumthwalo kubahlobo bakhe, washiya ubusuku ebusweni kwabo bonke abanye waza wahamba ebumnyameni obungenakunqanda, ngokuzigweba ngokuzithandela ukufa. Umzimba wakhe awuzange ufumaneke.

Inkampu ephakathi kufuphi yayikuphela kweekhilomitha ezilishumi elinanye kuphela, xa i-blizzard yavela ngokukhawuleza, ingabandakanyi ngokupheleleyo ukuqhubela phambili. AbangesiNgesi abathathu babanjwe kwiqhwa, banqunyulwa kwihlabathi lonke, banqatshelwe ukutya kunye naliphi na ithuba lokuzifudumala.

Intente, eyaphulwa yiyo, yebo, ayikwazi ukukhonza ubuncinane indawo ethile yokuzimela. Ukushisa kwangaphandle kwehle ukuya kwi -40 ° C, ngokulandelanayo, ngaphakathi, ngokungabikho kwefowuni, bekungekho phezulu. Le ngqungquthela yeMatshi ye-blizzard ayizange ikhululwe kubo ekubeni yamkele ...

Izixhobo eziphambili

Kwiinyanga ezintandathu kamva, xa isiphumo esibuhlungu solu hambo lwabonakala, iqela lokuhlangula lathunyelwa ukukhangela abaphandi bee-polar. Phakathi kweqhwa elingapheliyo, wakwazi ukufumana intente ehlanganiswe ngekhephu kunye nemizimba yabaphandi abathathu baseBrithani - uHenry Bowers, u-Edward Wilson kunye nomlawuli wabo uRobert Scott.

Phakathi kwezinto ezifunyenwe ngamaxhoba zifunyenwe i-diaries yaseScott, kwaye, eyabetha abahlanguli, iingxowa zemifanekiso ye-geological eqokelelwe kwiintlambo zezithethi ezivela kwiindawo zokulwa. Ngokumangalisayo, kodwa abaNgisi abathathu baqhubeka behudula la matye, nangona kwakungekho nethemba lensindiso.

Kwimanqaku akhe, uRobert Scott, ukuchaza kunye nokuhlalutya izizathu ezibangelwa kwisiphumo esibuhlungu, waxabisa kakhulu iimpawu zakhe zokuziphatha nezomeleleyo zakhe. Ekugqibeleni, ngokubhekiselele kwizandla zabo kwidayari, wabuza ukuba enze yonke into ukuze izalamane zakhe zingenakuhlala zisekhohlo. Ukunikezela ngemida embalwa yokumelana nomfazi wakhe, uScott wamncenga ukuba aqinisekise ukuba unyana wabo ufumene imfundo efanelekileyo kwaye wakwazi ukuqhubeka nemisebenzi yakhe yophando.

Ngendlela, kwixesha elizayo unyana wakhe uPeter Scott waba yinto eyaziwayo yezinto eziphilayo ezinikezela ubomi bakhe ukukhusela imithombo yendalo yemvelo. Waza kuzalwa kungekudala ngaphambi kokuba imini uyise ahambe ukuya kwindwendwe yokugqibela ebomini bakhe, wahlala ebudaleni waza wafa ngo-1989.

Uhlaselo oluntu lubangelwa yintlekele

Ukuqhubela ibali, ku funeka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukhuphiswano lweehambo ezimbini, umphumo wokufumana omnye kuMzantsi wePolisi, kwaye enye-ukufa, ibe nemiphumo engalindelekanga. Xa imithendeleko kweso sihlandlo, ngokuqinisekileyo, ukuvulwa kweendawo ezibalulekileyo zaphelile, iintetho ezivuyisayo kunye neziphakamiso zavakala, kwavela umbuzo malunga nokuziphatha kokubakho okwenzekile. Akungathandabuzeki ukuba, ngokungathanga ngqo, imbangela yokufa kwaseBrithani kukudakumba okukhulu okubangelwa kukunqoba kuka-Amundsen.

Kungekhona kuphela eBrithani, kodwa nakwiinkcenkceshi zaseNorway kwakukho iintlawulo ezichanekileyo kumdlali osandul 'udumo. Umbuzo onengqiqo uphakanyisiwe: ngaba umthetho wezobuhle unamava kwaye unamava kakhulu ekufundeni ukulandelana okugqithiseleyo uRoald Amundsen ethathelwe kwinkqubo yokuchasana nenqwenela kodwa engabikho kwezakhono ezifunekayo zikaScott kunye namaqabane akhe? Ngaba kwakungekho lungile ukummema ukuba ahlangane kwaye ajoyine imikhosi ukufeza izicwangciso zakhe?

I-Riddle ye-Amundsen

U-Amundsen wasabela njani kule nto kwaye ingaba wayemangalela ngokungabikho ngokuzikhethela ekufeni kwakhe nomlingane waseBrithani - umbuzo owawuhlala ungaphendulwa ngonaphakade. Enyanisweni, abaninzi balabo babesazi umphandi waseNorway ngokusondeleyo, bathi babebona iimpawu ezibonakalayo zokuxhalabisa kwakhe. Ngokukodwa, ubungqina bakhe bokuba yimizamo yakhe kwizizathu zoluntu, ezingenaso sonke isenzo sakhe sokuzikhukhumeza.

Abanye abalobi bezobuchwephesha bavame ukubona ubungqina bokuzinyameka kwiimeko zokufa kuka-Amundsen. Kuyaziwa ukuba ehlobo le-1928 waya kwi-flight ye-Arctic, eyamthembisa ukufa ngokuthe ngqo. Ukusola ukuba wayezibonela ukutshabalalisa kwakhe kwangaphambili kubangele ukulungiselela. U-Amundsen akagcini nje ukubeka zonke izinto ngokulandelelana kwaye ahlawulwe ngababolekisi, wathengisa yonke impahla yakhe, ngokungathi wayengahlosi ukuba abuyele.

Kwilizwekazi elithandathu namhlanje

Ngenye indlela, kwaye ukufunyanwa kweSouth Pole kuye kwafezwa nguye, kwaye akukho namnye oza kuthatha le ntlonelo kuye. Namhlanje, uphando olunzulu lwezesayensi lwenziwa kwinqanaba elingasentla loMhlaba. Kuloo ndawo apho abantu baseNorway bebekulindele ukuphumelela, kunye neBrithani - eyona nto iphoxekayo, namhlanje sisikhululo se-polar "Amundsen - Scott". E gameni layo, abo babini abanesibindi abanqobileyo kwimizila engapheliyo bahlangene ngokungahambelani. Siyabonga kubo, iSouth Pole kwihlabathi liyabonakala kwiintsuku zethu njengento eyaziwayo kwaye ifumaneka ngokubanzi.

NgoDisemba 1959, umnqophiso wamazwe ngamazwe wase-Antarctica wasayinwa, wasayinwa kwangaphambili ngamazwe alishumi elinesibini. Ngokwale xwebhu, nawuphi na ilizwe unelungelo lokwenza uphando lwezenzululwazi kwilizwekazi elisezantsi kwicala lesithandathu.

Ngombulelo, izikhululo zophando ezininzi e-Antarctica ngoku ziphuhlisa iiprogram zezesayensi eziphambili. Namhlanje kukho abangaphezu kwamahlanu kubo. Xa ukulahlwa kwezenzululwazi kungekhona nje indlela yokusekela umhlaba, kodwa kunye ne-aircraft kunye nama-satellites. Ngaba abameli balo kwilizwekazi lesithandathu kunye neRussia Geographical Society. Phakathi kwezikhululo ezikhoyo kukho i-veterans, njengeBellingshausen kunye neDruzhnaya 4, kunye ne-new-Russkaya kunye neNqubekela phambili. Yonke into ithi kwiintsuku zethu ukufumana izinto ezininzi zokuhlala kungavumi.

Ngolu futshane ibali lendlela abahamba ngayo abanomdla baseNorway nabaseBrithani, beyidelela ingozi, banqwenela ekujoliswe kuyo, kuba ngokwemiqathango jikelele banokubonisa ukuxhatshazwa kunye nomdlalo wezo ganeko. Akukufanelekile ukuqwalasela i-duel yabo kuphela njengomzabalazo weenjongo zobuqu. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, indima ephambili kuyo yadlalwa ngunxungu lokufumanisa kunye nomnqweno, ngokusekelwe ekuthandweni kobuzwe, ukuqinisekisa ubungqina belizwe lethu.